World History 3rd Nine Weeks

History Guide--Table of Contents

Opener: What is a republic?

Roman Law (Twelve Tables)--http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html

6.2 Worksheet: Expansion and Crisis

1. Describe how Roman legions were organized.

Legions=10 Cohort, 1 Cohort=500 around 5000-6000 soldiers were in a legion

2. How did Hannibal threaten Rome during the Second Punic War, and how was he stopped?

Hannibal crossed the Alps, pillaged the Roman countryside and nearly defeated the Romans at Cannae.

He was stopped when Scipio Africanus decided to attack Carthage directly. Was defeated at the battle of Zama.

3. What was the final outcome of the Third Punic War?

Carthage was defeated, the city was destroyed and its people were enslaved. There is a myth that the Romans sewed salt into the ground so that nothing would ever grow again.

4. What was Rome’s ultimate achievement in fighting the Punic Wars?

Gained control over the entire Mediterranean for trade. No large force stood in their way.

5. How did the Romans become undisputed masters of the Mediterranean?

Conquered Philip of Macedonia to gained control of the Adriatic, King Antichus III of Seleucid in Asia Minor, and Pergamum. Also forcefully “allied” with Egypt and Syria

6. Describe four problems Rome faced as a result of its wars of expansion.

Corruption of the Proconsuls and publicans in the provinces who extorted money from the people and took bribes, Legions had to be posted along Rome’s rapidly expanding borders to put down riots from new Roman subjects, Latifundi owners drove small farmers out of business because of their large estates and use of slave labour, cities began to expand with the growing population

7. Describe the reforms of the Gracchi.

Tiberius and Gaius attempted to take land from the latifundia and give it to the poor citizens of Rome who had no land, also tried to give away free grain to poor citizens who did not have any, the brothers were eventually killed in a riot

8. Explain how the reforms of Gaius Marius contributed to changes in the republic.

Armies became loyal not to the Republic but to the general in charge of them.

9. Rome was captured and Marius driven into exile by Lucius Sulla.

10. A triumvirate is

group of three leaders who shared power with each other.

11. The first triumvirate was composed of

Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, and Licinius Crassus.

12. What was the significance of Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon?

He had committed treason and started a Civil War

13. List four changes Caesar made while dictator.

Caesar gave jobs to unemployed people

Gave public land to the poor (Gracchi brothers?)

Gave citizenship to many people in the Roman provinces

Added more representation to the Senate from the outer provinces

14. Ordinary Romans admired Julius Caesar for His wise rule, but some senators feared that he was becoming a tyrant who meant to make himself the king and end the republic.

While reading Chapter 6 Section 3, reflect on the following questions:

1. What is the Pax Romana and why do you think it came about?

2. What are some characteristics of the Roman Empire?

3. Why do you think there was a constant change in Emperors during this time?

4. What aspects of Roman culture still exist today?

Closer: CNN Article on the Colosseum--http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/06/world/europe/rome-colosseum-restoration-plan-protests/?hpt=wo_c2

Is it right to let a private company that could potential harm the building restore it?

ID’s

Second Punic War

1^st Triumvirate

Julius Caesar

Gracchi Brothers—Reforms

Hannibal

Day 3

Jan. 12, World History 2B

Opener:

Write a brief synopsis (Why go to war? Who was involved? Major events. Who was the victor?) of the 2^nd Punic War.

Work on Chapter 6 Section 3 Worksheet

Answer the following questions on the back:

1. What is the Pax Romana and why do you think it came about?

2. What are some characteristics of the Roman Empire?

3. Why do you think there was a constant change in Emperors during this time?

4. What aspects of Roman culture still exist today?

5. What are the benefits/downfalls of having singular rule (emperor)?

Took notes on the following outline:

· Section 3: The Roman Empire

Objective: Characterize life under the Pax Romana

o The First Emperors

§ Augustus Caesar

§ The (4) Julian Emperors

§ The (5) Good Emperors

Augustus Caesar	The First Roman Emperor, his reign ushered in the Pax Romana, peace, built magnificent buildings
Tiberius	Paranoid about being overthrown, reigned during Jesus’ life and death
Caligula	Mentally ill, completely crazy, assassinated
Claudius	An academic, wasn’t very effected, conquered England
Nero	Insane, spent money on horse racing and music for his own pleasure, paranoid about being assassinated so he murdered his wife, mother, and many senators, “Fiddle while Rome burned” blamed Christians for fire, committed suicide by stabbing himself in the throat, “What an artist the world is losing in me”
Nerva	Terrible leader, almost brought about civil war
Trajan	Increased Rome to its greatest size, public works projects
Hadrian	Built a wall stretching across Britannia to keep out the barbarians
Antoninus Pius	Reigned for 22 years (second longest)
Marcus Aurelius	Empire was at the height of its economic power, wrote a book on stoic philosophy (emotions caused error in judgment)

o Roman Rule

§ Imperial Government

Appointed governors to rule the providences

Augustus became Potifex Maximus (head of Roman religion)

§ An Imperial Army—Reduced army on the borders but by Marcus Aurelius the borders started to be over run

§ Social classes

Senate—Must possess property worth One Million Sesterces (lower class made 3 sesterces a day)

Equestrian—400,000 sesterces (military jobs)

Lower class—everyone else

o Pompeii

§ Mt. Vesuvius erupted and buried everyone alive under 10 feet of ash. Herculem buried under 75 ft ash

§ Sent down ash and poisonous ash

§ Mud mixed with ash turned into concrete and preserved the citizens of Pompeii

o Roman Civilization

§ The Economy of the Empire—Trade consisted of pottery, blown glass, cloth, and jewelry

§ Public Amusements—130 days a year

· Circus Maximus—Chariot racing, gladiator events

· Colosseum

§ Architecture, Engineering, and Science

§ Learning and Literature

Viewed PowerPoint on the Roman Ruins.

Watched Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire—Spartacus, until chapter 2.

IDs

The Colosseum

Pompeii

Nero

Augustus Caesar

Julius Caesar

Day 4

Jan. 17, World History 2B

Opener: Fill-in-the-blank

He was a tyrant who meant to make himself King and end the Republic…so the Senators stabbed him a bunch of times on the steps of the Senate…March 15, 44BC

gave jobs to unemployed people, gave public land to the poor, gave citizenship to people in provinces, added reps from the provinces to the Senate.

No General could legally bring his army into Rome…he ignored this law when he crossed the Rubicon, committed treason and started the civil war

Wise Rule

Took notes from PowerPoint on The Rise of Christianity.

Using your notes, book, or any other resources, describe each of these terms in 1-2 sentences each.

Day 5

Jan. 19, World History 2B

Opener: Why did Christianity spread?

Economic/ Military problems

Financial Downfalls

o Conquest stopped

o Inflation

o Needed more defense from barbarians

o Small landowners could not afford to keep up their land

o Trade decline

Military Downfalls

o Loyal to generals rather than the Empire

o Civil wars instead of defending borders

Diocletian

· Won a civil war and seized power in 284 A.D. He understood that the job of emperor was too big for only one person so he divided the duties of ruling between two emperors: One to rule to west and one to rule the east

· Diocletian’s goals were basic:

o Restore stability

o Provide security from outside attack

· Diocletian’s rule, however, was harsh:

o He regulated individuals occupations so that they could not change jobs and their sons had to follow in their footsteps

o Raised taxes to high levels

o Established prices for products and wages for workers—Edict of Prices

o Reformed the military to make soldiers loyal to the empire

o Built new forts on the borders for defense

Barbarians

· Invasions increased in the late 300’s and would eventually disrupt the entire western half of the empire. The primary motivation for the invaders was that Roman territory was attractive to outsiders: Rich farmland, warm climate

· Many Germanic invaders were from the area of Eastern Europe which were being pressured by the invading Huns, a nomadic tribe from Asia. The Huns were brutes on horseback who threatened all in their way.

· The Germanic tribes of the Goths and Visigoths wanted into the empire to gain protection from the Huns

· In 376 A.D. the Visigoths gained permission from the Romans to enter the empire near modern day Romania to escape the Huns. When Rome later wanted to expel the Visigoths, they refused and war broke out. Rome lost the battle of Andrionople with much of their army destroyed

· The Visigoths proceeded to move further west, eventually attacking Rome. In 410 A.D. they conquered Rome but the Romans made peace by giving them Spain and part of Gaul if they would leave

· The Huns invaded Western Europe and were defeated. Rome was weakened and the Vandals attacked through Gaul, Spain, to North Africa and captured Rome in 455 A.D.

· In 476 A.D. dissatisfied German officers in the Roman army seized power in Rome. They removed the emperor, Romulus Augustus and a German chieftain, Odacer, was crowned emperor and ruled until his murder in 493 A.D. by invading Ostrogoth’s.

Radial Diagram

Watched: Rome: Rise and Fall of an Empire

Constantine the Great

1. Who was the emperor in 395 A.D.?

2. What was Diocletian’s reform to the empire?

3. What training did Constantine have?

4. Why was Christianity a threat to the empire?

5. What was the Great Persecution?

6. Who are the Picts?

7. Why was Constantine’s succession different from others?

8. Why did the citizens of Rome revolt against Maxentius?

9. What were pig entrails used for?

10. What vision did Constantine see?

11. Why was the Battle of Milvian Bridge so important?

12. What happens to Maxentius?

13. What agreement did the Co-emperors come to?

14. What did the Edict of Milan declare?

15. What happens between Constantine and Licinius?

16. Who is Crispus?

17. What happened to Licinius?

18. What came about from the Council of Nicea?

19. What happened to Crispus and Fausta?

20. What occurs in 337 A.D.? (There are 2 events)

Write down three other facts that you learned from the film?

Day 6

Jan. 23, World History 2B

Finish watching History Channel’s Rome: Rise and Fall of an Empire Constantine

Open-book test over the Roman Empire.

If students finish, they will read Chapter 9 Section 1: The New Rome on page 214.

Day 7

Jan. 25, World History 2B

Students worked on the following:

Chapter 9 Section 1 Worksheet

Viewed PowerPoint on the Byzantine Empire.

Hagia Sophia Virtual Tour: http://www.360tr.com/34_istanbul/ayasofya/english/

Day 8

Jan. 27, World History 2B

Opener:

Please write out in complete sentences, including the question in your answer. Turn in when you are done:

1. In a paragraph, explain the how the Eastern half of the Roman Empire transitioned to the Byzantine Empire.

2. List five cultural elements of the Byzantine Empire.

3. Why was the Byzantine Empire stronger after it had lost land in Greece?

4. Which groups began invading the empire?

5. What is Greek Fire?

6. What new religion began spreading rapidly across the land?

7. How did the Byzantine Empire fall?

8. Using the maps in the back of your book, which modern day city replaced Constantinople?

In what country is it located?

Reviewed Ancient Rome test.

Main Points on the Byzantine Empire

Built on top of Byzantium, Constantinople thrived as a center of commerce and one of the largest cities in the world (500,000 people)

Christian state that began the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church—gave many nations the religion it has today (ex. Greece, Balkans, Russia)

Protected the Western World from invasion—preserved western traditions

Spread Greek and Roman culture—was preserved in the texts monks copied

Watched Engineering an Empire: Byzantine and stopped 19:05 on movie.

Day 9

Jan. 31, World History 2B

Opener: What is Iconoclasm?

Reviewed questions:

1. In a paragraph, explain the how the Eastern half of the Roman Empire transitioned to the Byzantine Empire.

Western Roman Empire fell to the barbarians

Stronger government

Eastern Orthodoxy developed

Able to control borders better

2. List five cultural elements of the Byzantine Empire.

Social Mobility

More women’s rights

Trade

Agriculture

Eastern Orthodoxy

More educational opportunities

Mosaics

3. Why was the Byzantine Empire stronger after it had lost land in Greece?

Less area to control, less likely to be attacked

4. Which groups began invading the empire?

Germanic tribes

Lombards

Slavs

Avars

Bulgars

Persians

Arabs

5. What is Greek Fire?

Weapon that kept spreading if you added water to it

6. What new religion began spreading rapidly across the land?

Islam

7. How did the Byzantine Empire fall?

Felled by the Ottoman Turks

8. Using the maps in the back of your book, which modern day city replaced Constantinople?

In what country is it located?

Istanbul, Turkey

Viewed PowerPoint on the development of the Slavic nations.

Finished - Engineering an Empire: Byzantine

Quiz over the Byzantine Empire.

Vocabulary terms on Islam

Closer: What are some misconceptions about Islam?

Day 10

Feb. 2, World History 2B

Misconceptions about Islam

1. Muslims are violent, terrorists and/or extremists.

2. Islam oppresses women.

3. Muslims worship a different God.

4. Islam was spread by the sword and intolerant of other faiths.

5. All Muslims are Arabs

6. The Nation of Islam is a Muslim group.

7. All Muslim men marry four wives.

8. Muslims are a barbaric, backward people.

9. Muhammad was the founder of Islam and Muslims worship him.

10. Muslims don't believe in Jesus or any other prophets.

Took notes on lecture:

Rise of Islam

o Saudi Arabia – dominated by the Persians and Romans

o Arabs – Bedouins; Polytheistic – worshipped Allah (head god)

§ Travelled to Mecca to pay tribute to the Ka’ba – a black stone that later became an Islamic symbol holy place

§ Pastoral – nomads who travelled with herds of domesticated animals searching for food and water

o Little agriculture because of the climate

o Many towns sprung up around trade routes

o Muhammad – Born in 570 A.D.

o Orphaned early on – sent to live with a Bedouin tribe

o Became a trader (only job) – dangerous job

o Was frustrated that traders only cared about money instead of spirituality and charity

o When he was 40 years old he went on a spiritual retreat in a cave

o Was visited by the angel Gabriel – revealed the word of Allah to him – Sharia Law

o Came back to Mecca – began telling his story and recruiting followers to his beliefs

o He and his followers realized they needed money to continue spreading their new religion – raided trading caravans

o Criticized the Pagan religion

o The people of Mecca ran them out of town

o Fled to a city to the North, Medina - 622

o Gained support of local tribes

o Began gathering an army in the name of Allah and conquered Mecca – 630

o Mission: To convert all to Islam – disputes with the Jews

§ Forced conversion

§ Massacre of 1000 Jewish men

· Had the choice of converting or have their head chopped off

· Women sold into slavery

o Muhammad died in 632 – left behind a legacy and a new religion that would change the world

o Islam – “Submission to the will of Allah”

o Qu’ran – “Word of God” – recitations complied by Muhammad’s followers as well as his own writings

o 5 Pillars of Islam – requirements to be in (similar to 10 Commandments)

§ Allah is the One and Only God

§ Alms giving – charity

· 10% of their income to charity

§ Praying 5 times a day – pray in a public mosque on Friday

· Must face Mecca when praying

· Pray on their knees – letting their forehead touch the floor – submission or obedience to Allah

§ Pilgrimage to Mecca once a lifetime – Hajj

· Visit the Ka’ba – black shrine centered in the Masjid al-Haram mosque

· Must walk counter-clockwise around the Ka’ba 7 times

§ Fasting during Ramadan

· All about intention

· Required by all men and women

· Exceptions are: Children who have not reached puberty, pregnant women, elderly, and the ill

· Use the Lunar calendar – Alternate 29 and 36 days – 354 Days

o Began in 620 A.D. – Year: 1,428

§ Muharrem

§ Saphar

§ Rabia 1

§ Rabia 2

§ Jomada 1

§ Jomada 2

§ Bajab

§ Shaaban

§ Ramadan

§ Shawwal

§ Dulkwada

§ Dulheggia

o Sharia Law –religious law

§ Established a Theocracy - Leader was head of government and religion

§ Civil Law – cases were decided by “judges” or Islamic scholars on a case by case basis

· Famous saying, “An eye for an eye”

§ Worst crimes: Adultery, theft, gambling, drinking alcohol – punishable by stoning or death

§ Honor Killing – If a kid should disobey the honor of the family, parents can choose to murder them to restore honor

Inside an Islamic mosque.

Pilgrimage in Mecca

Worked on the Rise of Islam worksheet.

Students need to work on vocabulary if they have extra time.

Day 11

Feb. 6, World History 2B

Opener: Matching exercise

Guided notes sheet:

Fill-in-the-blanks

o Split in Islam

§ Dispute over who should rule

§ Sunni’s – Believed Muhammad’s descendants are the rightful rulers

§ Shiites – Believe Ali’s (Muhammad’s son-in-law) descendants are the rightful rulers

o Jihad

§ Two meanings: “Spiritual purification” and “Holy War”

§ “Holy War” – wanted to convert and wealth

o Caliphate took over after Muhammad’s death

§ Political leader and religious leader

§ 1^st Caliphate – Umayyad; ethnic purity in Arabia ( only Arabs, tried to remove Persians and Turks) – didn’t last long

· Corrupt – One Caliph bathed in wine

· Capital at Damascus

§ 2^nd Caliphate – Abbasid; open to different ethnicities

· Capital at Baghdad

o Social structure

§ Marriage – must have relative propose for you

· Dowry – Bride price

§ Polygamy – having more than one spouse

· Polygyny – having more than one wife

o Jealousy among wives

o Must share time equally

o Divorce rate is higher

· Have to be able to support all of them

§ Endogamy – marry within your family clan

§ Patriarchy – husband has more authority

§ Ideal vs. Real culture

· Ideal – behavior that is expected to happen

· Real – behavior that actually happens

§ Food customs – serve more food than you can eat

o Culture – inherited Greek and Roman traditions

§ Libraries – preserved the ancient world through texts

§ Believed you could be intellectual and religious

· Intellectual center – Science, philosophy, mathematics (algebra)

· Chemistry – knew disease could be spread through water

· Literature – One Thousand and One Nights – Djinn

Be a smart American: Locate Iraq on a map

Worked on Chapter 10 section 2 worksheet.

Continue finding vocabulary words.

Closer: Test on Friday (Misconceptions of Islam)

Day 12

Feb. 8 , World History 2B

Opener:

World Trade Center Rebuilt-http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-memorial/interactives/world-trade-center-reborn

Greyhound Bus Incident

Test on Friday – Misconceptions of Islam

Test over Islam.

Worksheet over 11.1 and brainstorming over the Middle Ages.

Day 14

Feb. 14, World History 2B

Opener: Islam Tests

Average: 91%

Median 93%

Movie: 30 minutes covering the “Dark Ages”

With a partner, answer your assigned question. Pairs will present their answer.

1. In a paragraph, describe five features of a Medieval town.

2. What are the steps to becoming a Knight?

3. List and describe the hierarchy of the Feudal System.

4. What made the Feudal system effective? What are its downfalls?

5. In a paragraph, describe life as a peasant.

6. What was the relationship between Church and State in Medieval Europe?

7. Describe five features of a castle.

8. From what you’ve read, do you think the Heroic Knight stereotype is true? False? Explain.

9. What was the typical meal like during the Middle Ages?

10. Make a list of the 4 Frankish Rulers and their accomplishments/downfalls.

11. Describe the geography of France. Does it promote invasion or is it secluded?

12. Is the name the “Dark Ages” a true representation of this time period?

Day 1 5

Feb. 16, World History 2B

Opener:

Finished answering the following questions:

1. In a paragraph, describe five features of a Medieval town.

2. What are the steps to becoming a Knight?

3. List and describe the hierarchy of the Feudal System.

4. What made the Feudal system effective? What are its downfalls?

5. In a paragraph, describe life as a peasant.

6. What was the relationship between Church and State in Medieval Europe?

7. Describe five features of a castle.

8. From what you’ve read, do you think the Heroic Knight stereotype is true? False? Explain.

9. What was the typical meal like during the Middle Ages?

10. Make a list of the 4 Frankish Rulers and their accomplishments/downfalls.

11. Describe the geography of France. Does it promote invasion or is it secluded?

12. Is the name the “Dark Ages” a true representation of this time period?

Activity:

Day 16

Feb. 21, World History 2B

Work on vocabulary.

Watched approx. 40 minutes of A Knights Tale

What were some details of the movie that have matched up with material we have covered?

Lecture Outline:

What was so significant about the Pope?

Sacraments (7)

· Baptism

· Confession

· Eucharist

· Confirmation

· Matrimony

· Anointing of the sick

· Holy Orders

Pope – Bishop of Rome

· Originally chosen by political leaders – Nobles/Kings/Lords

· Wanted to centralize all the power – Dictated that Cardinals would choose the next Pope

2 Types of Clergy

· Lived out in Public - Bishops and Priests

· Lived a cloistered life – Monks and nuns

· Many Bishops came from Feudal ruling families – Could not fight, paid Knights to do so

· Church owned a lot of the land

· Missionaries spread the word of God all across Europe – Western Europe became one faith

· Pope Innocent III – wanted Reform

o Wanted to eliminate heresy – going against church teachings (pagans)

o Excommunication

o The Medieval Inquisition

· Friars

o Lived simply and without possessions

o Franciscans – Italian

o Dominicans – Spanish

Day 17

Feb. 23, World History 2B

PowerPoint of pictures from Assisi and the Vatican

Answer the following questions:

1. What two reasons made the Vikings successful?

2. Which famous Viking settled in Newfoundland? What is his significance?

3. What two types of clergy

4. List the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church.

5. The Pope was chosen by who before it was reformed? After?

6. What is excommunication?

7. What was the typical monks day like?

8. How did Catholicism spread through Europe?

9. How did the Church acquire so much land in Europe?

10. Compare and contrast the concepts of Manorialism and Feudalism.

Day 18

Feb. 27, World History 2B

Feb. 29, World History 2B

Opener: What year was England conquered by the Normans?

1. Work on Middle Ages Vocabulary assignment.

2. Notes on the Rise of Monarchies:

Read excerpt from the Magna Carta.

In pairs, answer the following questions:

The Magna Carta was considered a revolutionary document that instituted Democratic freedoms.

Read through the document and answer the following:

1. Pick 5 laws that you think most interesting and describe what they mean or if it relates to any law we have today.

2. Was this a "revolutionary" document for this time period? Why?

Day 19

http://www.history.com/videos/roots-of-the-crusades#roots-of-the-crusades

Opener: How does the Magna Carta relate to today’s world?

Crusades Videos:

http://www.history.com/videos/the-crusades#fall-of-jerusalem

http://www.history.com/videos/the-crusades#richard-the-lionheart

http://www.history.com/videos/the-crusades#saladin

Notes:

Transition to the Renaissance

·Reason was the enemy of faith

·Two schools of thought: Faith and Reason

·Thomas Aquinas said "God exists"

·Reason began to gain strength

Rise of cities

Better farming techniques

Peasants don't starve

Have more children

Population grows

Cities emerge

Urbanization occurs

·Less barbarian invasions - Instead of conquering they converted people to Christianity - meant that people would still be their subjects without terrorizing them

Emergence of a middle-class

Serfs became free

Turned into Peasants - bought land

Some split and became skilled labourers

Created Guilds and trained younger men their trade

Gained wealth and soon felt the spirit of gain, wealth, and accomplishment

Began selling their crafts to eager nobles

Began to want more from their lives (wanted to be intellectual)

Rediscover of old Latin texts

·Secular literature

·Religious poetry - written in Latin

People began to realize it was easier to write in their vernacular tongue than in Latin - first break from the church

Day 20

Mar. 2, World History 2B

Worksheet from Chapter 12 Section 4: The Troubled Church

The Black Plague movie

Day 21

Mar. 6, World History 2B

Opener: Finish worksheet 12.4 The Troubled Church

Review worksheet

Notes:

Black Death

·Where did it start?

·What civilization did it strike first?

·What European city started the spread?

·Who did they blame?

·What was the real cause of the plague?

·Describe the symptoms.

·Who were the victims?

Consequences: Decreased population, wages rose, people moved to the cities, decline in the church

100 Years War (1337-1453)

·40 year truce

·Conflict between England and France

Roots began after 1066

·English King (from Normandy) owned more land in France than the French King

·English King died without an heir

·Battle of Crecy - English outnumbered 2:1 - had the Welsh longbow which could shoot farther than the French crossbow

·Battle of Agincourt - Outnumbered 3:1

·Joan d'Arc - Saw visions from God when she was 17 which told her to help drive the English out of France (Battle of Orleans)

Eventually she was captured, tried, and burned at the stake for heresy/witchcraft

Later a Catholic council finds her not guilty

Becomes a Catholic Saint

·French win!

Outcome: Many nobles die and Feudalism dies out . . .

Day 22

Mar. 8, World History 2B

Mar. 12, World History 2B

1. Review vocab for test

2. Review Worksheet

1. What are the three classes of Medieval Society? What percentage did they make up?

2. Describe the typical manor of the Middle Ages.

3. What is significant about Clovis?

4. List the seven sacraments of Catholicism.

5. What are the two types of clergy?

6. In a paragraph, explain how the Church evolved from the beginning of the Middle Ages to right before the Renaissance.

7. In a paragraph, explain how the Black Plague affected Europe?

8. What was the Great Schism? Why did this undermine the Pope’s power?

9. In your opinion, does this time in history deserve the name, “The Dark Ages”?

Day 23