2nd Nine Weeks 2011
Dec. Day 21 (End 9 Weeks/Semester)
Engineering An Empire Study Guide All Episodes
Day 1
WH Oct. 18 3B
Notes
Watch
Ancient
Beginning
to 25 minutes in.
Clisthenes
Traveling bards—most famous Homer
Iliad
Odyssey
Hero—man of action
Opener:
Greek history itself can be broken down into
many distinct eras – historians break down the past for the simple reason that these
eras provide focal points for study and dialogue. In general Greek history can
be broken down in the following way:
|
Archaic |
3000-1600 B.C. |
|
Mycenaen |
1600-1200 B.C. |
|
Dark Ages |
1200-800 B.C. |
|
Greek Renaissance |
800-600 B.C. |
|
Classical or Hellenic |
600-323 B.C. |
|
Hellenistic |
323-31 B.C. |
Today we will learn about what we know about
the Dark Ages…a
time when there is no writing.
Was there a real world that Homer's poems
refer to?
If so, what world was it?
Was it the world of the Mycenaean Bronze Age?
Was it the world that succeeded that Bronze
Age that we call the Dark Ages?
Was it the world in which tradition says
Homer himself lived, the transition first to the Archaic and then to the
Classical Period, the period in which we think about the dawn of the polis?
Moses Finley says, "If, then, the world
of Odysseus is to be placed in time as everything we know from the comparative
study of heroic poetry says it must, the most likely centuries seem to be the
tenth and the ninth, that is to say what we call the Dark Ages." Anthony
Andrews says, "It may be that the epic tradition had at some stage used as
a model for the army before
Odysseus
Absent: Take notes on the
following:
Read the Following Open
Yale: Transcript 3
WH Oct.
25, 3B
Answer the following Chapter 4 Section 2 The
Polis Study Questions
1. Who had
full citizenship in the Greek Polis?
2. Where was
the “political center” of the typical city state?
3. Name three
things that occurred in
4. What group
of people was included in the “aristocracy” of
5. What was a
“tyrant” in
6. What was
the “
7. What is
government by the wealthy few called?
8. Who is a
person who participates in government?
9. What were
nobles called who provided cavalry for the ancient Greek King?
10. What is
the term for government by the people?
Males who owned land, did not make up
the majority in the polis…did not include slaves, those who were foreign born,
women and before 500BC men who did not own land were not citizens. The idea of citizenship is different than
ours. America 2010..all folks who are
born here, naturalized and over 18 are citizens.
Agora—discussions took place here…this
is where eventually Socrates and his friends are going to meet and come up with
the idea of “philosophy. At the start of
the polis it is the place where politics is discussed…what decisions are to be
made.
Colonization is when people (Greeks)
are overcrowded and look to new lands for their people. Places people can go to avoid the problems of
overcrowding in cities…unemployment, poverty, homelessness, and crime. Effects the Greeks also…able to get grain
from other people, don’t need as many farmers, farmers move to cities, trade
expands and Greeks trade olive oil, replaced barter system with coin system
from Lydians!
Wealthy merchants and
manufacturers…nobles who owned horses…gained more power in the government and
the King lost power
Person who seized power and ruled
singlehandedly over the entire polis or group of poleis. There was unrest…war...dispute between
aristocrats and “commoners” put in place to restore order
metropolis
oligarchy
citizen
aristocrats
democracy
Kagan Lecture 3: 
Story:
Notes:
Lecture on
Polis—Poleis—Greek
city-states
WH Oct. 27, 3B
Opener: Maps—
ID important Greek Cities on their
maps/and ID Continents of the World maps
Pojer: Ancient Greece Summary
Watch Rise and Fall of the Spartans (Part 1) Beginning To Alcibiades
Absent students
Do map activity using map
above. ID on your map also ID the
Continents in the
Power Point: The
Greek Polis
WH Oct. 31, 3B
Opener:
WH Nov. 2, 3B
Kagan Lecture: 4 Rise of Polis I
Our notes:
Watch Rise and Fall of the Spartans
WH Nov. 4, 3B
Power point: Creativity Greek
Archaic or Formative Period
WH Nov.
8, 3B
Opener:
Do sheet on Chapter 4 section
3...Rivals… Lecture on
Hanson: Greece Start at “
Power point: Classical Greece
WH Nov. 10, 3B
Lectures in the History Guide Engineering An Empire
History Guide: 6 The Athenian Origins of Direct Democracy
- The Hoplite Phalanx
- each polis had its own group of
soldiers called hoplites
- hoplites were usually middling farmers who provided their own weapons
and equipment
- description of equipment
- armor--helmet, breastplate, shin-guards (grieves),
and round shield
- weapons--short sword and long spear (9'
long)
- all totaled, this equipment usually weighed
50 to 60 pounds
- these hoplites fought in a formation known as
a phalanx
- description of a phalanx
- phalanx was a dense formation of men,
sometimes 1,000 men long and 10-20 ranks deep
- the effectiveness came in the fact that the
shields of each man overlapped the next, creating an almost solid
wall
- the spears of the front 4 or 5 ranks would
be thrust forward, creating a virtual hedge of spear points that was
almost impossible to break
- the major weakness of a phalanx was that it
was slow moving and had to be used on flat ground
- the phalanx was the most feared military
formation of its time--seldom defeated except by other phalanxes or overwhelmed
by sheer numbers on occasion (
- Creation of leagues
- Although each polis was normally very careful
to preserve its independence, some Greeks banded together to create
leagues of city-states
- This gave rise to the birth of Greek
federalism, a political system in which several states formed a central
government while remaining independent in their own internal affairs
- United in a league, this confederation of
poleis was far stronger than any of its individual members and thus
better able to withstand attacks from the outside
Hoplon—the shield of the hoplite (holites)
Phalanx—eight men deep—eight rows deep—however long
Comes about in
700-650BC—this is when the earliest Poleis are starting
Hoplite—other protections
for his body
Helmet—weighs about 5#
Breastplate—made of bronze—weighs 40#
Shin guards
60-70# of equipment
Only about two places that
the hoplite is vulnerable—neck & groin
With the left foot forward stance—your
right side had to be protected by the guy next to you.
This requires much
discipline—hoplite battle only makes sense in the phalanx
The phalanx is never
defeated in battle!
Offensive weapons—PIKE
(spear) 6’ to 8’ long—is not thrown it is thrusted at enemy. The butt end of the pike had bronze on
it—acted like a billy club if your spear broke.
Because of formation—spear
used in overhand manner
Sword—kept at your side—only
used if you lost your spear—stabbing not swinging.
Phalanx—fear eliminated from
the equation by the formation—you are not going anywhere
There was a science to the
pre fight meal—general always provided wine for the soldiers—they gave their
soldiers just enough wine to make them braver!
Not so much that it would effect performance but enough to limit their
fear…take away apprehension.
Hoplite phalanx could move
at a trot…weakest point in the line was the right flank.
Total dependence on the guy
behind and next to you. If you fall you
are going to be replaced immediately.
Must step over the fallen…if your line is broke…people in back start
running…you have been defeated.
Totally defeated because you
can not run with your shield/weapon…drop them and run…total humiliation.
If you took the field…that
is it the “war” is over!
Spartans never went far from
home…had to 1st protect their home from Helot (slave)
rebellion.
WH Nov.
14, 3B
Look up and define the
following (write out the answers):
Use these: Flip
cards
Acropolis
Alexander the Great
Aristocracy
Aristotle
Classical Art
Direct Democracy
Epic
Hellenistic
Helots
Homer
Monarchy
Myth
Oligarchy
Peloponnesian War
Persian Wars
Phalanx
Philosopher
Polis
Socrates
Trojan War
Watch Engineering an
Empire--
WH Nov.
16, 3B
Quiz on words from
last period Use these: Flip
cards
Human creativity: Greek
Philosophy Power Point
Take notes on Power point
Watch more of Engineering
an Empire--
WH Nov.
18, 3B
Opener Do 5.1 & 5.2 study
guide
Watch Ancient Greeks
NOTES
Start
with Cleisthenes upbringing
Homeric
poems
Heroes
and their images, valiant, beautiful striving for victory
Vision
of Hero is model for Cleisthenes
Pursue
a life of greatness and glory
Seize
power and glory for himself and become a real live hero
Cleisthenes
not only one…mid-sixth BC
Tyrants—Herodotus
Man
and beautiful woman (Athena?)
Demanded
to rule…because he was supported by a goddess Pisistratus
Pisistratus
Very
intelligent
Needed
to find allies—common Athenians
Reduced
taxes and free loans
Chance
of prosperity---success of agrarianism—vines and olives
Olives—
Greeks,
Egyptians, Persians, Etruscans and Romans want Olives
Scattered
like frogs around a pond (
Everyone
wanted to trade for Olive Oil
Expansion
leads to great art—the vase, pottery
Inside
(Oil) worth more
Potters
workshops where the prostitutes lived
Pots
used in homes and to transport
Athenian
potters used new style of painting---fresh and accurate
Worth
millions now!
Artists
made fun of one another when they made pots.
Under
P
527BC
Pericles dies Hippias takes over
First
rules well
514BC
brother murdered…His behavior changes…executes murderers and tortures
one murderers wife…”He became embittered and suspicious of everyone…Hippias
just interested in self preservation
Aristocrats
act led by Cleisthenes—banish Hippias…Cleisthenes rises to power
End
at …
Persian Invasion
Darius The Great Strategy: http://edsitement.neh.gov/Persian01_flash_page.asp
WH Nov.
22, 3B
WH Nov.
29, 3B
Answer together:
Quiz
What Greek pot would you use?
1. Coffee
2. Syrup on pancakes
3. 100 gallons syrup
4. Milk and
Greek Culture in the Classical Age
Greek Sculptors:
Myron
Phidias
Praxiteles
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripedes
Aristophanes
WH Dec.
1, 3B
Do 5.3 study guide Alexander the Great
Copy the following study guide
Read/Listen to Information:
Introduction
After the death of Pericles and the disorder of a century of warfare, the
Greek city-states and direct democracy went into decline. The reason is that
first one polis, then another, rose up, withdrew from the Delian League and
began to assume control of their own affairs, without falling under the sphere
of Athenian influence.
The Rest of the Story
http://gardenofpraise.com/pdf/textb11.pdf
Test:
http://gardenofpraise.com/tests/test_alexander.pdf
Alexander the Great: Interesting Stories
Alexander
Awesome
Stories Alexander the Great
After the death of Pericles and the disorder of a century of warfare, the
Greek city-states and direct democracy went into decline. The reason is that first
one polis, then another, rose up, withdrew from the Delian League and began to
assume control of their own affairs, without falling under the sphere of
Athenian influence.
Test:
http://gardenofpraise.com/tests/test_alexander.pdf
Lecture:
From Polis
to Cosmopolis: Hellenization and Alexander the Great, 323-30BC
Alexander the Great website: http://wso.williams.edu/~junterek/index.html
Day 16
History Guide Alexander
Engineering an Empire:
Alexander
Engineering An Empire study guides
Engineering An Empire: Age of Alexander
1. What happened in 404 B.C?
2. What were the city-states of
3. Where was Philip II from?
4. What was the pillar of Philip’s infantry and explain it?
5. What were some of the weapons invented?
6. What was it that Philip wanted?
7. Alexander came to power because?
8. In 334 B.C Alexander did what?
9. What was a major problem Alexander had?
10. What weapon did Alexander use on the city of
11. After
12. The Egyptians did what to Alexander?
13. The cities in his empire were laid out in?
14. What city rose to the status that
15. What was an Agora?
16. What was considered one of the most important aspects of Greek life?
17. How did Alexander die?
18. How old was he?
19. Who controlled
20. What project was built in
21. What was the other major building project in
22. Who was one of the ancient world’s greatest engineers?
23. Some of his concepts were?
24. What happened to much of the ancient world’s scientific knowledge?
Alexander the Great:
Power Point
Alexander the
Great Biographical site
Information:
From Polis
to Cosmopolis: Hellenization and Alexander the Great, 323-30BC
WH Dec.
7, 3B
Go over 5.4 study guide
Alexander the Great’s conquests and what happened after his empire fell.
Alexander the Great timeline
poster activity: Example
WH Dec. 9, 3B
Opener:
Hand out and do 6.1 sheet pg. 140
Online: Rome
Lecture Emayzine
Online: Punic
Wars
The Story (legend) of
Read Romulus and Remus story below and write down the
important players
Life Before
In the beginning,
Because Amulius held the treasury, thus having more power then his brother, he
dethroned Numitor as the rightful king. Out of fear of Numitor's daughter, Rhea Silvia, would
produce children who one day would overthrow him as king, he forced Rhea to
become a Vestal Virgin,
a priestess sworn to abstinence. But Mars, god of war, was smitten by her and
secretly while she slept bore her two sons. They were twin boys, of remarkable
size and beauty, and later named
The servant ordered to kill
the twins could not, however, because they were too beautiful and
innocent, the servant placed the two in a basket and laid the basket on the
banks of the
When they grew up, they were manly and high-spirited, of invincible courage and daring.
On account of these qualities, they were beloved by their equals and the poor,
but they despised the king's officers and bailiffs as being no braver then they
were, and cared neither for their anger nor their threats. They led the lives
and followed the pursuits of nobly born men, not valuing sloth and idleness, but
exercise and hunting, defending the land against brigands, capturing
plunderers, and avenging those who had suffered wrong. Thus they became famous throughout
One day when
While
When Numitor took Remus to his home for punishment, he was amazed at the young
man's superiority in stature and strength of body. After hearing of his acts
and deeds and of his noble virtues, Numitor asked Remus of his birth and who he
really was. When Remus told him that they had been found and nursed by a wolf
on the banks of the
Upon
Acting out of fear and rage, Amulius quickly sent a friend of Numitor's to see
if he had heard any report of the twins being alive. As soon as the man entered
Numitor's house, he found Numitor embracing Remus, thus confirming that Remus
was Numitor's grandson. He then advised Numitor and Remus to act quickly, for
The Founding of
With Amulius dead,
the city settled down and offered
Once
Remus was enraged by
After the completion of the city,
o
The
twin brothers Romulus and Remus
were the sons of the God Mars.
o
When
they were very young they were abandoned by the banks of the River
o
Luckily
for them they were found by a she-wolf who took pity on them fed them with her
milk.
o
Later
a shepherd, Faustulus found the boys and took them home to look after them.
o
He
ended up raising the boys as
his own children.
o
The
boys grew up to be very strong and clever and they decided to build a town on
the spot where the Shepherd had found them.
o
Shortly
after building the town the twins had a big argument about who should be in
charge.
o
o
o
As
you can see, the early days of the City of
o
Much
of what Historians believe is based upon circumstance as there is little
evidence remaining of what
o
What
we do have is a Legend, a story that is partly based on fact, partly based on
fiction.
o
The
achievement of Romans—most remarkable in human history.
Romulus-Remus & She Wolf
Small village in central
Most of the
Much of Continental
Vast “Empire”—single government
Peace and prosperity for centuries
Never before or since such stable peace and unity in
Military excellence and political organization
Adopted and transformed what Greeks had done—great copy
cats—not too proud to take what others had done and mold it to their own.
Intellectually-like philosophy and science
Culturally-religion, art and politics
Combined the achievements of others with their own outlook
and historical experience
Graeco-Roman tradition
in literature, philosophy, and art—provided the core of learning for the
“Middle Ages” and pointed to the “new paths” taken in the Renaissance. Remains the “heart of Western Civilization” to
this day
Prehistoric
Before writing
Paleolithic gave way to Neolithic life in 2500 BC
Bronze
Age 1500 BC
1000 BC new, warlike people arrive—closely related languages Italic—from across the
Cremated their dead
Put ashes in tombs with weapons and armor
Bronze higher quality than the people they replaced
Weapons, armor and tools of iron
By 800 BC they take the high pastures of the
The descendants of these folks “tough mountain
people” Umbrians, Sabines, Samnites, and
Latins—together with new arrivals—Etruscans,
Greeks and Celts—would shape the future of
The Etruscans
Most powerful
The settle in
Area is west of the
We think they are from the East as their tombs resemble those
of Asians—and they devined the future by inspecting the liver of sacrificed
animals like Asians.
The Etruscans had government—civilization
They created fortified—self governing city states—12 would
form a “religious confederation”
At first these were ruled by kings—then aristocrats (a group
of rich people…usually farmers)
Because of their organization—they were able to dominate the
other ethnic groups in
They had the ”Italic” peoples work on the land, in the mines
and serve as foot soldiers (infantry) in the Etruscan army.
Aristocrats were very wealthy—got rich from farming,
industry, piracy and trade with Greeks and Carthaginians.
Their religious beliefs are what influenced the Romans the
most.
World filled with gods and spirits—many of them evil
To deal with evil spirits they developed a
complicated system of ritual and priesthoods
They looked at sacrifice and omens in nature to help
them figure out the “divine will”
Careful attention to rituals by the priests helped to
please the gods
The Etruscans took the example of the Greeks in
giving gods human forms and worshipping them in temples.
Their war making power was vested in infantry and
chariots—rich people can develop a cavalry and chariot led fighting force.
By the 7th and 6th Century BC the
Etruscans had conquered
They conquered
Because Etruscan nobles did not work together and help each
other in their invasions they did not rule for long
Etruscan’s power peaked a little before 500 BC—then rapidly
declined.
400 BC Celtic people from what is now
Eventually
Engineering an Empire:
Alexander’s
WH Dec. 13, 3B
Today’s lecture: Early Roman Civilization, 753-509BC
Online: Rome
Lecture Emayzine
Republic—representative government…democracy—rule by all citizens
The Greeks in
Go to the Assembly and
participate in government.
Citizenship a tightly
controlled status…male, own land or wealth, Greek, free, adult.
This rules out many people!
Direct democracy—citizens
have to know the issues and concerns of the day…politics
Traditionally…we had
hereditary, divine right rulers…rulers from families ordained by (G)gods
that rule without
question.
Rome=Tarquins/Tarquin
family—Roman kings last one does something real bad…so that Rome will never
accept another king.
The Rich soil, mild moist climate for grapes and olives, Taught Latins how to
build with brick and mortor and tile, roof houses, laid out streets and
squares after draining swampy areas, built temples and taught Romans
religious rituals…made Assembly of Centuries and
the Senate…under patrician control, Senators advised consuls, proposed laws
and approved construction contracts 2 patricians elected as
Consuls for 1 year term, run day to day,
power to veto (say no)…they oversee other executives…can appoint one
or another dictator if there is a crisis Went on strike, would not
serve in the army left city to form own republic 1. Recognized Tribunes 2.
Recognized Assembly of Tribes 3. Granted Tribunes veto (no vote) power
4.Ensured the Tribunes would be protected by law Greeks Establishing the right of
the Assembly of Tribes to make laws for the Republic 12 Tables—codified
law…written down so all know it and it applies to all Patricians and Plebians Slave labor force Goddess of Love-G Aphrodite R Venus God of War-G
Ares R Mars Top God G-Zeus R-Jupiter Wealthy overlords Aristocratic priests Expressive figures dancing and playing music, feasting
and conversing…enjoying rich and pleasant life Umbrians-in the north, Latins in the central plains,
Oscans in the South, Etruscans in the northern plains of Swampy, marshy coastline…don’t forget rocky, mosquitoes
Umbrians-in the north, Latins in the central plains,
Oscans in the South, Etruscans in the northern plains of Goddess of Love-G Aphrodite R Venus God of War-G
Ares R Mars Top God G-Zeus R-Jupiter
ROMAN HISTORY can be divided into three convenient periods or episodes. The years 753-509 B.C. concern the years of
To be sure, we all have a fairly
well-established image of the Romans
in our mind. One automatically thinks of Julius Caesar, the Ides of March, the Coliseum, Christians
and Jews thrown to the lions, and a people who were pretty much hedonists.
This is the
As we all know,
Throughout history, scholars have looked to
ancient
We can look back at the Romans with hope that
we will not make the same errors.
Today,
some historians and "advanced" thinkers have looked to the decline of
Roman civilization in order to voice their opinions that the civilization of
the West is destined for a similar fate. They look to Greece, Rome, the Holy
Roman Empire, the British Empire, the former Soviet Union and the United States
and argue that history indeed is cyclical, that our destiny is somehow
preordained from birth to live, flourish and then decline and die. Like any
other civilization,
Early
By about 750 B.C. the Greeks had established about fifty city-states on the
southern
As a people, the Etruscans played hard and
worked hard. They were not a contemplative sort but were always busy. They were
practical and realistic, habits of mind which we will see became specifically Roman
traits as well. Trite as it may sound, we could argue that whereas the Greeks
were thinkers, the Romans were doers.
The Romans adopted many Etruscan customs over
the years. They used the Etruscan alphabet, which the Etruscans had borrowed
from the Greeks. The symbol of the Etruscan king's right to execute his
subjects was a bundle of rods and an axe: the fasces (from which
Mussolini created the Fascisti in the 20th century). The Romans even
adopted the Etruscan toga. The vault and the arch were Etruscan in origin as
were gladiatorial contests.
Etruscan power and influence over the city of
It is unclear how and why the Romans ended
the era of Etruscan superiority but somehow
Early Roman history – a history that dates
from 509 B.C., when the Etruscan kings succumbed to
According to Roman legend, the Romans
expelled the Etruscan king Tarquin the Proud
from
With the Etruscan monarchy at an end, the
dignity of the Senate and the Curiate Assembly (both created during the
Etruscan Confederacy) was restored. However, there was no executive office.
Among the most powerful families it was decided that extraordinary powers be
given to two men, who would eventually be called consuls. The reason the Romans
opted for two executives was an obvious attempt to prevent tyranny. Both consuls
possessed the highest military and civil authority in the state. They could
only serve for one year at a time. Only much later was it agreed that there be
at least a ten year interval between terms so as to prevent "unbridled
ambition."
Movie:
WH Dec. 19, 3B
EXAM Review Questions Word
Documents
EXAM Day
Presentations from Mr. Smith’s Class
Day 1
1. Stephen: Battle of Salamis
2. Cody: Socrates
3. Brian: Alexandria
4. Katie: The Gods
5. Ted: Medusa
6. Grant: Odyssey
7. Kayla: Olympic
Games
8. Dylan: Alexander the Great
Day 2
1. Trey: Hercules
2. Sam: Daily
Life
3. Ryan: Battle
of Marathon
4. Craig: Peloponnesian Wars
5. Michael: Iliad
6. Francisca: Hades
7. John: Sparta
8. Tiffany: Aristotle
9. Jacob: Athens
Mr. Smith’s Notes/Websites
http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/Main_Page/
http://www.ancient-greece.org/
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/greekphi.htm
http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander00.html
http://www.theoi.com/Khthonios/Haides.html
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MINOA/HOMER.HTM
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PERSIAN.HTM
Chapter 4 Ancient
Section 1: Beginnings (Pg. 92-97)
The Aegean Area
-
Ancient
- Greeks used the sea for a living. Some were fishermen, traders, and pirates.
- A mild climate meant the Greeks could be outdoors most of the time.
- Meetings were in public squares, classes in public gardens, and theaters were unroofed.
The Minoans
- http://www.simnia.com/film mediterranean / potc2/ _map.gif
-
Sir Arthur Evans excavated the
- Minoan women had a higher status then women of other societies. Example: They could go to sporting events.
- The chief deity was the Earth Mother, who was believed to have caused all things to grow.
-
Minoans ruled the
- Two theories on how they disappeared.
o Tidal waves from massive undersea earthquakes.
o Invasion from the main land.
The Mycenaeans
- Heinrich Schliemann, businessman turned amateur archaeologist, found the Mycenaean civilization.
-
Was looking for
- Very destructive while digging
- Civilization flourished from 2000-1100 B.C
- Kingdoms were centered on a hilltop where a royal fortress was built. Walls circled the fortress to protect people during times of danger.
- The palaces were governmental & production centers.
- Artisans tanned leather, sewed clothes, fashioned jars for wine & olive oil, made bronze swords and ox hide shields.
- The Mycenaeans were overrun by a Greek-speaking group known as the Dorians
- Next 300 years were the Greek Dark Ages.
- Dorians couldn’t read or write so no records were kept, overseas trade stopped, poverty increased & people lost skills they once had.
-
Some fled to
- Hellenic Civilization was created.
- It was a new set of Greeks with Mycenaean influences.
- Bards, singing storytellers, were the ones to keep Mycenaean traditions alive
Iliad & Odyssey
- 2 famous Greek epics composed by the blind poet Homer
- Both set during Trojan War
- Iliad begins when a Trojan prince, Paris, falls for Helen, wife of the Mycenaean king.
- Helen was kidnapped.
-
Mycenaeans sieged
-
Mycenaenas gave to
- Odyssey follows Odysseus, Mycenaean king, for 10 years as he tries to get home.
- Both epics showed the values of Greeks: heroism, lover of nature, importance of husband-wife relationship, tender feelings, & loyalty between friends.
Family of Deities
- Actions of Gods explained what humans did, and caused physical events in the world to occur, IE violent storms
- Gods & Goddesses take over specific aspects of life IE Poseidon – Sea, Aphrodite – Love, Beauty
- Each community chose own god or goddess
- Greek gods act exactly like humans in life: marriage, children, lies, murder, jealousy, trickery
-
12 most important deities lived on
Section 2: The
Polis (Pg. 98-100)
- Polis = city-state
- Each developed independently of each other, but shared common features
- Typical polis had a fortified hill, acropolis, in the middle of the city
-
- Citizens = those who took part in gov’t
- Polis usually had territory that required at most a 3 day walk to get to the city.
- Average size was 5,000-10,000 citizens (voting males)
-
- Male citizens were expected to participate in gov’t and help with defense
- “We do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics minds his own business. We say he has no business here at all.” – Pericles
Greek Colonies & Trade
- By 700 B.C farmers couldn’t feed everyone.
- Colonies were established to help.
- Colonies held econ. ties with the metropolis, “mother city”
- Many farmers moved to cities and learned a craft
- Replaced barter system in 600’s after contact with the Lydians
Political & Social Change
- In 700’s BC kings lost the power to the aristocrats, nobles.
- Farmers needed credit until the harvest, so borrowed from the aristocrats
- Had to put land up as security.
- Couldn’t make enough food to repay loans & feed themselves
- Lost land to aristocrats
- Farmers demanded reform
- Aristocrats were losing importance because farmers were more important in the military
- This was because aristocrats were cavalry and farmers were foot soldiers.
- This was important because of the invention of the phalanx. These were rows of foot soldiers closely arrayed with shields forming a solid wall.
- Eventually tyrants emerged
- Tyranny = created when one man, a tyrant, seized power & ruled the polis single-handedly
- Tyrants were usually good rulers, but a few gave it the current negative connotation it has today (rule by a cruel & unjust person)
- The two most common governmental setups were
o Oligarchy = a few wealthy hold power over the larger group of citizens
o Democracy = Gov’t by the people, power lies in the hands of all citizens
Section 3: Rivals
(Pg. 101-105)
-
The two leading city-states of Ancient
Greece were
- Descendants of the Dorians
- Invaded the other city-states to make room for increased population
- Life revolved around military
- Men wanted to be 1st rate soldiers and women wanted to be mothers of soldiers
- Spartan women had more personal rights IE: could shop in the marketplace, attend dinner with non-family members, express their opinions on public issues
- Because of the militarism and suspicion towards new ideas, the Spartans lagged behind in trade, manufacturing, intellectual accomplishments and they were poorer.
- Named the polis after the Goddess Athena (wisdom and art)
-
Constitution of
Reform by Tyrants
- Several tyrants engineered most of Athenian governmental changes
- Draco, improved the law codes, distinguished between intentional and unintentional killings
- Penalties were extremely harsh IE: stealing cabbage = death
- “Laws were not written with ink, but blood.”
- Solon cancelled all land debts & freed debtors from slavery
- He also limited the land someone could one own, promoted trade & industry, and created a 2 house legislature in which the Council (aristocrats)
- Peisistratus wanted more radical reforms then Solon enacted
- He divided large estates among the landless farmers & extended citizenship to men that didn’t own land
- Put the poor to work
- Cleisthenes introduced a series of laws that led towards democracy
Athenian Democracy
- The Assembly acted as Supreme Court and passed laws.
- Members chosen by lottery, because all were competent to hold office
- Court cases had 201-1001 jurors, because with that many they thought it would be impossible to influence that many.
- Laid the foundation for the Western idea of democratic gov’t
Athenian Education
- All males expected to go to school since they were required to participate in gov’t
- Females were expected to learn household duties
- Learned through discussion and conversation
- Iliad & Odyssey were the textbooks
- Also learned rhetoric, the art of speaking in public
Section 4: War, Glory, and Decline (Pg. 106-110)
The Persian Wars
- The wars were fought between the Persians and the Greek city-states.
-
The Battles of Marathon and
Pericles in Charge
-
-
Pericles was an Athenian general that led
-
Was responsible for many of the marble
buildings that are now associated with
- The most famous structure was the Parthenon (temple to Athena)
The Peloponnesian War
-
After the Persian Wars the Delian League
was created as a way to protect
- All city-state either donated money or ships to the league and they removed the Persians and pirates
-
-
-
-
Eventually
Chapter 5: Triumph of Greek Civilization
Section 1: Quest
for Beauty and Meaning (Pg. 116-120)
- The Greeks produced a style of art that is characterized by beautiful simplicity and graceful balance, which now called classical
Greek Arts
- The Greeks painted murals, but none have survived. We know of them from the Romans describing them or copying them.
-
Greek
pottery was important for their art and they built several different types for
different purposes
-
During the
golden age one of the most well-known sculptors was Myron
-
Myron
portrayed his statues on how humans should look.
-
His most
famous work was the Discus Thrower
-
http://www.harveyabramsbooks.com/discusa1.jpg
- Phidias sculpted everything for the Parthenon including a statue of Athena that was made of gold and ivory
- http://farm1.static.flickr.com/169/412000249_bc0bac5b24.jpg?v=0
- The problem was that the statue of Athena was destroyed
-
There is a
full sized replica in
Drama and Theater
- The Greeks were the first to write and perform plays
- The first plays were tragedies in which the lead character struggled against fate only to be doomed after much suffering
- Aeschylus wrote a trilogy called Oresteia
-
In the first play King Agamemnon get
murdered by his wife because he had sacrificed his daughter before he sailed
for
- The second play saw Orestes kill his mother for revenge for his father
- In the third play Orestes is on trial and the vote is split so Athena cast the deciding vote for mercy
- The moral was that the law of the community, not personal revenge, should decide the punishment for wrongdoers
-
Another
great tragedy is Oedipus Rex written
by Sophocles
-
In the
play King Oedipus is doomed by the deities to kill his father and marry his
mother
-
Despite
all efforts the prophecy came true
-
Oedipus
then blinded himself and went into exile
-
The Greeks
also wrote comedies, which were plays that had humorous themes and happy
endings
Section 2: The
Greek Mind (Pg. 121-124)
The Sophists
- The Greeks believed that the human mind was capable of understanding everything
- So some of the philosophers, thinkers, produced some of the most remarkable ideas the world has ever known
- Philosophy is the seeking of wisdom
- Philosophy also laid the groundwork for history, political science, biology, and logic, the science of reasoning
-
Sophists were professional teachers that
traveled from one polis to the next, but many went to
- They rejected the belief that the gods and goddess influenced human behavior
- They received payment for their services and it seemed as if their main goals were to teach young men how to win a political argument and how to get ahead in the world.
- Socrates and his pupil Plato both heavily criticized the sophists.
Socrates
- Born a poor Athenian, he was a soldier and a sculptor by trade
-
He didn’t think people should be taught,
but that they should think for themselves
-
He created the Socratic Method, he would ask
students questions w/o giving them the answers and then oppose their answer
with clear logical arguments. This
forced the students to defend their statements and clarify their thinking.
-
Was charged with corrupting the young and
sentenced to death
-
He drank hemlock, a poison, to end his
life
Plato
- Socrates didn’t leave any writings and we know of him through the works of Plato
- From memory Plato wrote down dialogues, conversations between Socrates and his pupils
-
He disliked the Athenian gov’t and
preferred
- He thought the good of gov’t should outweigh the good of the individual
- Also thought that people having to much freedom would lead to social disorder
- He distrusted the lower classes and thought only the most intelligent and best-educated citizens should participate in gov’t
- Plato’s philosophy was a search for truth
- He rejected the 5 senses: seeing, hearing, touch, smell and taste
- Reality, the “real” world, was constructed from ideas, or ideal “forms”, which could be understood through logical thought and reasoning
Aristotle
- He studied with Plato and later tutored Alexander the Great
- He wrote 200 books on topics ranging from astronomy to poetry to political science to the weather
- He influenced scientific work by: observing facts, classifying them by similarities and differences, and developing generalizations from his data
- This technique for analyzing information was so useful that it is still used today
Writers of History
- Herodotus is known as the father of history
- He wrote a book called Historia, or investigation, on the Persian Wars
-
Traveled
through
-
Wrote on
military and political events, outstanding individuals, social customs and
religious beliefs
-
Herodotus
also used the deities to explain some events
-
Thucydides
is regarded as the first scientific historian because he completely rejected
the idea of the deities playing a part in human history
The First Scientists
-
Thales
came up with a theory that stated, water was the basic substance from which everything
was made
-
Pythagoras
tried to explain everything in mathematical terms and discovered the
Pythagorean Theorem
-
Hippocrates,
the father of medicine, believed that diseases had natural causes. Doctors today recited the Hippocratic Oath
when they receive their medical degrees
Section 3:
Alexander’s Empire (Pg. 125-130)
-
Even though the Persians failed, the
Macedonians tried to conquer
Rise of
- They were descendants of the Dorians
- Greeks thought they were, “backward mountaineers”
-
Philip had been a hostage for 3 years in
the city-state of
- He set up three goals after becoming the Macedonian King
o Create a strong standing army
o Unify the Greek city-states under his rule
o Destroy the Persians
- Organized army into phalanxes
- For 23 years he attempted to achieve his goals
-
Eventually conquered all city-states
other then
- When he was ready to march on the Persians he was killed by either a Persian or an assassin hired by his wife
- This left his 20 year old son, Alexander, in charge
Alexander the Great
- Commander in the army since he was 16
- Respected for courage, military skill and intelligence (tutored by Aristotle)
- Traveled with scientists and a historian
-
He traveled
through and cut off the Persian supply routes, then went to
-
While
there Alexander founded the city of
-
Then he marched in took
- Darius III was killed by one of his own generals, then Alex declared himself the King of Kings
- He died from an unknown cause at the age of 32 or 33
-
He wanted to unite Europe and
Divided Domain
- After Alex’s death his kingdom was split by 3 generals: Ptolemy, Seleucus (suh LOO kuhs) and Antigonus
-
Ptolemy ruled
-
Seleucus
ruled
-
Antigonus
ruled
- Greek city-states declared independence and then started fighting amongst each other
-
Eventually they were conquered by the
Hellenistic Philosophers
-
These
philosophers focused on personal behavior
- The three major schools of thought were: Cynicism, Epicureanism and Stoicism
-
Diogenes
was the best known cynic
- Cynics criticized materialism and asserted that people would be happy if they gave up luxuries and lived simply in accordance with nature
-
Epicurus
was the basis for Epicureanism
-
Epicurus
thought that both joy and pain should be avoided by accepting the world as it
was, ignoring politics and living simply and quietly with a few close friends
-
Zeno was
responsible for Stoicism
-
Life was
governed by natural law, therefore happiness could be obtained by ignoring
their emotions and following their reason, is the main idea of Stoicism
Science, Medicine and Mathematics
-
Eratosthenes
calculated the circumference of the Earth to within 1 percent of the correct
figure
-
He also
stated that that the Earth’s land area was surrounded by water and that
-
Archimedes
was an engineer and inventor
-
He
invented the compound pulley, and the cylinder screw (used to lift water up for
irrigation)
-
Also
discovered the principal of buoyancy
Chapter 6
Section 1: The
-
The first peoples of
-
Between 750 – 500 B.C.E Greeks had
farming communities in Southern Italy and on the
- http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/rome_power_italy_500_100.jpg
- Greeks introduced the olive tree, grapevines, and the Greek alphabet to the region.
The
-
The
Greeks wanted to colonized
o It was centrally located in the
o Ideally situated for trade between: Asia,
Europe and
o Rich soil and mild climate.
-
There
were also several problems with this area:
o Slit washing down the rivers would often
block up and create swamps that were the home for mosquitoes which carried
disease.
o Mountains blocked
o Had rocky and marshy coastline which made for
poor harbors.
Latins and Etruscans
-
Archaeologists
have found evidence that people lived in this area before the Greeks visited.
-
When the
Greeks arrived
-
Another
group was the most mysterious and that was the Etruscans.
-
The
Etruscans ruled northern
-
They
spoke a non-Indo-European language and their writing has been difficult to
decipher.
-
It is
believed that a wealthy upper class ruled the majority of the people and was
eventually overthrown by the lower class and the Latins of Rome.
-
They
were the twin sons of the god Mars, God of War.
-
The boys
were thrown into the
-
They
were found and nurtured by a she-wolf and a woodpecker, both of which are
sacred animals to Mars.
-
Then a
shepherd found the boys and raised them.
-
They
helped in a revolt to overthrow the man that had them thrown into the river.
-
They
then started to build the city were the shepherd had discovered them.
-
The
Latins say
-
His
brother, Remus, was on the opposite hillside where he was doing the same.
-
Then
Remus came over to visit his brother and leapt over the walls of
-
-
-
So
-
While
the men were enjoying the festival, the women were kidnapped.
-
Then the
men were driven out.
-
This has
become known as the Rape of the Sabine Women.
-
Eventually
-
It is
actually believed that in 800 – 700 B.C.E the Latin people in that area agreed
to join together as one and that is what became known as
Etruscan Rule
- The Etruscans ruled for about 200 years, starting in the late 600’s B.C.E.
-
The Tarquins, became kings of
o Taught Latins to build with brick and tile for their housing.
o Drained the marshy lowlands.
o Created the Forum, which became the gov’ts center.
o Built temples and taught religious rituals.
- Tarquin the Proud was the last of the Etruscan kings and they were ousted in 509 B.C.E.
Social Groups
- While under Etruscan rule a wealthy aristocratic class formed known as patricians.
-
The patricians declared
- The majority were the plebeians (lower class) which included:
o Wealthy non-aristocratic people
o Landowners
o Merchants
o Laborers
- Both groups had rights, like voting and responsibilities like paying taxes and serving in the military.
- Plebeians couldn’t hold public office though.
The
- A legislative and executive branch was setup for the gov’t.
- Two patricians were elected to head the executive for 1 year terms.
- They had to run the day to day affairs and were known as consuls.
- Veto is Latin for “I forbid.”
- Only a dictator could overrule the consuls, but that was only during times of crisis when a dictator was necessary.
- The patricians also controlled the legislative branch.
Plebeians Against Patricians
-
Plebeians
disliked the lack of power.
-
In 494 B.C.E
the plebeians went on strike until they received a greater voice in gov’t.
-
First
they refused to serve in the army and then threatened to leave the city
altogether.
Tribunes
- Patricians were afraid of losing those they relied on so they met some demands.
- They recognized tribunes, the plebeians’ chosen representatives.
- Gave tribunes power to veto any governmental decision and ensured that they would be protected by the law.
- An Assembly of Tribes also elected the tribunes.
Old and New Laws
- The plebeians kept fighting and the next thing that they wanted was to have the laws written down.
- In most cases a plebeian only found out about a law after they had broken it.
- In 451 B.C.E 12 bronze tablets were created that spelled out the laws.
- They were placed in the forum for all to see and were known as The Twelve Tables.
- Other rights they received were to hold public office, and eventually to make laws in the Assembly of Tribes.
Religion and the Family
- The Romans “borrowed” Greek gods and goddesses and giving them Roman names.
- Aphrodite, goddess of love became, Venus.
- Ares, god of war became, Mars.
- They even made they gods look Greek, IE. Jupiter was given the characteristics of Zeus.
- The life of a Roman was distinctly Roman however.
- They worshipped their ancestral spirits and their storeroom guardians.
- Also worshipped Vesta, goddess of the hearth.
- The father was the absolute head of the household.
o Conducted religious ceremonies
o In charge of wife and kids
o Married sons and their families, any relatives that lived with him and slaves
- Roman wives had few legal rights.
o Could find loopholes to acquired property and a business.
o Wealthy women studied Greek literature, arts and fashion
o Poor women did household tasks and ran the family shop.
- Regardless of class most held the same values.
o Thrift
o Discipline
o Self-sacrifice
o Devotion to family
o Devotion to republic
Section 2:
Expansion and Crisis (Pg. 145 – 149)
Roman Legions
- Roman generals used phalanxes, but found them to be to slow.
- So the army was reorganized into legions, containing 6,000 men.
- These could be further divided down to groups of 60 – 120 men that could shatter the phalanx.
- Soldiers were known as legionaries.
-
- Some were allowed to keep their gov’t, if they contributed to Roman war efforts.
- Some people were given partial rights and some even citizenship.
- The wars became known as the Punic Wars because the Carthaginians were know as the Punici by the Romans.
1st Punic War
-
The war occurred because both sides
wanted to gain control of the Straight of Messina, a narrow passage between
- The Carthaginians had a superior naval fleet, but the Romans counteracted by using grappling hooks to bring the enemy ships closer.
- Then the Romans boarded the enemy’s vessel and defeated them by hand-to-hand combat.
-
This gave
-
- This war lasted for 23 years.
2nd Punic War
-
A young general named
-
His goal was to get revenge on
-
He provoked war by capturing a city
allied with
-
Then he led his army to
-
He led 40,000 troops and 40 elephants
through
-
By the time they got to
-
Though outnumbered
-
The Romans had sent Publius Scipio to
-
This drew
-
Then in 202 B.C.E Scipio’s forces
defeated
- This war lasted for 19 years.
3rd Punic War
-
After 50 years of peace another war was
fought because
-
The Republic in Crisis
-
While the Punic Wars were happening the Romans
conquered
- The Romans exploited the territories as a way for the rich to get richer.
- The gov’t rented out property in conquered lands to wealthy Romans, who connected several of these into large land estates known as latifundia.
- These men used to slave labor to undercut the prices of the Italian Romans, which forced the small farmers out of business.
-
The land in
- The farmers move to the city and didn’t receive jobs because slaves were doing them.
- A 3rd class appeared aside from patricians and plebeians.
- This class was equites (knights), made up of people that made money in provinces, in business and from latifundia.
The Gracchi
- Tiberius Gracchus, was elected tribune because he threw in his lot with the plebeians.
- Tiberius wanted to confiscated some latifundia and give it to the landless poor.
- Opponents to the law organized and killed Tiberius and 300 of his followers.
- This set a trend that would last for 400 years.
- Tiberius’s brother Gaius became tribune and pushed for more land reform.
- Then was killed, so laws were passed that made it so land reforms couldn’t be made law any more.
Marius and Sulla
- Gaius Marius was elected to consul.
- He gave the poor jobs by enlisting the poor into the army.
- He paid them and promised them land after their service.
- This became the 1st professional Roman army.
- He trained them rigorously and they became known as Marius’s Mules because they had to carry everything they needed in the wild on their backs.
- The amount they carried could be as much as 60 pounds.
- In 88 B.C.E a rival general Lucius Sulla wanted Marius’s command.
-
So Sulla convinced his troops to take
- By this point the army had become more powerful then the gov’t.
Julius Caesar & The 1st
Triumvirate
- Caesar’s family was born into a patrician family that had lost most of their prestige and money.
- Triumvirate = a group of 3 persons that control a gov’t with equal power.
- As Caesar was moving up in the ranks of politics two men were the most powerful: Pompey and Crassus.
- Pompey’s power came from being a superb general.
-
Crassus’s power came from being the
richest man in
- With these two men and Caesar the 1st triumvirate was formed.
-
Caesar took military command in Gaul with
is modern day
- One of the few ways to gain any might in the gov’t was to be a successful general.
-
So Caesar trumped up rumors of invasion
so he could conquer the barbarians in
- This started the Gallic Wars.
-
Caesar was very brutal in his treatment
of the nomadic tribes in
-
During the Gallic Wars Caesar was the
first Roman to invade
- Caesar was gaining a lot of power and the senators were worried, but any action against Caesar was being stopped by Crassus and Pompey until….
- Crassus tried to prove his worth as a military man as well and was killed.
- The other factor that ended the alliance was when Caesar’s daughter, Pompey’s wife, died.
-
Pompey feared Caesar so he and Senate
ordered Caesar to leave his army at the
- Caesar saw an apparition that said he should cross.
- “Let us accept this as a sign from the gods, and follow where they beckon, in vengeance on our double-dealing enemies. The die is cast.”
- By crossing the Rubicon Caesar committed treason and started a civil war.
-
Pompey trying to buy time so he could
raise an army fled with the Senate to
- In Greece Caesar’s troops destroyed Pompey’s army.
-
Pompey survived the battle and fled to
- After defeating Pompey, Caesar had to put down several rebellions.
- After one of these he said this famous quote “Veni, vidi, vici”
- This means “I came, I saw, I conquered.”
- In 45 B.C.E Caesar became the first ever dictator for life, which is very much like a monarch.
- He gave jobs to the unemployed, land to the poor, citizenship to people in provinces.
- Most believed that Caesar was a wise ruler, but the Senate upset at the loss of power and being proud of the Republic tradition assassinated Caesar on the floor of the Senate.
- They were led by Caesar’s protégé Marcus Brutus.
End of the Republic
- A 2nd triumvirate was formed after Caesar’s death.
- Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus and Julius Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian made up this triumvirate.
- These three defeated Julius’s assassins.
- They had thousands executed for being complicit.
- These three split up the kingdom and ruled different areas.
-
Octavian took
-
-
Lepidus took
-
Octavian forced Lepidus to retire and
then convinced
-
This conflict ended when
Section 3: The
Augustus Caesar
- Senate was filled with Octavian’s supporters so he was able to convince them to name him consul, tribune and commander in chief for life.
- Octavian then gave himself the title Augustus (Majestic One)
-
He laid the foundation for the
- He reigned for 40 years.
-
Rebuilt
- In 31 B.C the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) started and lasted 200 years.
- During the peace the only disturbances happened when one emperor took over for another.
The Julian Emperors
- These emperors were all related to Julius Caesar, hence the name.
- Octavian’s son Tiberius was first but wasted his command on blaming people for treasonous activities.
- Caligula was next and he became mentally deranged and was assassinated by one of his guards.
- Claudius was the next emperor and he was a renowned scholar, but lost interest in the affairs of state as he got older.
- The last of these was Nero.
- He was cruel, vain, and probably insane.
- He was overthrown with the Senate and the royal guard.
- For the 28 years following Nero, 6 emperors ruled.
The Good Emperors
- The first of the good emperors was Nerva.
- The greatest contribution of Nerva was the fact that he had no children, which meant that the emperorship would pass by adoption instead of blood.
- Trajan increased the empire to its greatest size.
- The next emperor, Hadrian, was the adopted son of Trajan.
-
Hadrian strengthened the frontier
fortifications IE:
- Marcus Aurelius brought the empire to its economic peak.
- Most of these emperors were stoics.
- Life was governed by natural law, therefore happiness could be obtained by ignoring their emotions and following their reason, is the main idea of Stoicism
Imperial Gov’t
- When Octavian took power there was between 70 to 100 million people in the empire.
- The old gov’t would be ineffective so Octavian instituted many changes.
- First Octavian chose professional governors to run provinces.
- Ordered new roads built so that he personally inspected the provinces.
-
He declared himself Pontifex Maximus
(chief priest of
The Law
- They had to create new laws to cover the new people in their empire.
- So the Jus Gentium was created and it applied to foreigners and non-citizens.
- The Jus Civile, was the citizen law.
- One of the most important laws they had was an accused person should be considered innocent until proven guilty.
An Imperial Army
- Augustus maintained a professional army as did he successors.
- Legions were reduced from a 60 to 28.
- This meant that only about 300,000 troops were at the disposal of the emperor.
- This wasn’t large enough to defend 4,400 miles of borders so invasions became a chronic problem
Roman Civilization
- “Everywhere roads are built, every district is known, every country is open to commerce… the fields are planted; the marshes drained. There are now as many cities as there were once solitary cottages.... Wherever there is a trace of life, there are houses and human habitations, well-ordered governments, and civilized life.” – Tertullian
Economy of the Empire
- The Romans made pottery, woven cloth, blown glass and jewelry to send to the provinces.
-
The provinces sent silk cloth, spices,
tin, iron, and lead to
Life During the Pax Romana
- Family life became less important as Romans would have fewer children and probably divorce and remarry several times.
- Society became less stable rich could go poor, and visa versa.
- Less became extremely rich, more became moderately rich, but most were still poor.
- The rich had luxurious homes while the poor lived in 6 or 7 stories apartment buildings made of wood the were ready to collapse or catch fire at any time.
Learning and Literature
- The wealthy males would be home-schooled until they were old enough to study at the Academy.
- Women would be home-schooled all the way through.
- The lower class had a basic grasp on reading, writing and arithmetic so they could conduct business.
-
Latin was the lingua franca (common
language) of
- It is also the basis for: Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Romanian.
- Plus it supplies the basis for about half of the roots for English words.
Section 4: The
Rise of Christianity Pg. 157 – 160
Evolution of Religion
- The earliest Romans worshipped spirits
- The Etruscans convinced the Romans that these spirits were gods and goddess
- Then the Roman adopted the Greek deities
- Then starting with Augustus the emperor had to be seen as a god
- The people were allowed to worship freely and many religions flourished
- The new religion of Christianity was starting to be practiced by the Jews.
- It was first viewed as a sect, a group within, of Judaism.
- Then as it won over non-Jewish followers the sect became a religion.
Judaism and the Empire
-
Augustus took the
- The Jews were allowed to worship freely but were treated cruelly.
- The Jews were hoping for a savior (messiah) to come save them, because a messiah had been long talked about by the prophets.
- The Jews rebelled in 66 A.D, but were overpowered in 4 years.
-
In 132 A.D after another rebellion the
Jews were forced to form scattered communities (dispora) because they were
banned from
Jesus of
-
From 26 – 30 A.D Jesus traveled through
-
He proclaimed the
- He said that God was loving and forgiving to all those that repented.
- Jesus’ disciples believed he was the messiah, but other Jews thought differently calling him an imposter.
- The Romans felt anybody stirring up this much emotion could cause problems for the gov’t
- So in 33 A.D Jesus was arrested as a political troublemaker and sentenced to die in the customary Roman way, crucifixion.
Spread of Christianity
- After Jesus’ death his disciples said that he resurrected and showed himself to them.
- The disciples then started proclaiming Jesus the son of God.
- Paul combined the Gospels (stories about Jesus) and writing of early Christians to form the New Testament.
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Peter helped found churches in
Persecution and Competition
- The Christians believed their religion was the one true faith and refused to recognize the emperor as a god, military service and criticized Roman festivals.
- This caused the Romans to dislike Christians and said they were committing treason.
- The Romans feared the wrath of their Gods because of the Christians, so they killed them.
- Many times entire communities would be rounded up and killed in stadiums.
- This made the Christians martyrs, people that would rather die then to give up their beliefs.
- The persecution last until 300 A.D which made it hard to gain converts.
- As the Roman republic decline the people believed it to be because of their religion
- The poor Romans were attracted to Christianity because of salvation for all and doing good for others.
- Near the end of the empire even the wealthy turned to the Christian ideals.
Romans Adopt Christianity
- Legend says that Constantine, a Roman general, saw a flaming cross appear in the sky and the words, In hoc signo vinces (With this as your standard you will have victory)
- He then ordered his troops to paint crosses on their shields.
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They won the battle and
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- All religious groups got the freedom to worship in all sectors of the empire.
- He also called conference for the Christian leaders to work out any problems that they might have.
- In 392 A.D Theodosius made Christianity the official religion banning all of the previous religions.
Church Structure
- The church was formed into a hierarchy, levels of authority with the level above had more power then the level below.
o 1. Local gatherings at parishes led by a priest
o 2. Several parishes = diocese led by a bishop
o 3. Archbishops controlled the bigger cities
o 4. Patriarchs controlled the 5 biggest cities:
o 5. The Pope is the highest authority.
A. The Pope was the Patriarch of Rome after he started asserting his authority over the rest of the people.
- The Latin churches became known as the Roman Catholic Church.
- The Greek churches became the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Section 5 Roman
Decline: Pg. 161-164
- Germanic tribes were always a danger to the Romans, but they were being more effective during this time.
The Empire’s Problems
-
During the time of the 5 good emperors
power struggles for the control of
Political Instability
- Aurelius’s son became emperor and bankrupted treasury and was assassinated by his troops.
- In 92 years the army put 28 emperors into power.
- The army was busy fighting each other instead of fighting the Germanic tribes: Goths, Franks and the Saxons.
Economic Decline
- The instability of the gov’t caused economic decline.
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Warfare disrupted travel, production,
trade, farmland, production centers in
- This caused food shortages and many merchants to go out of business.
- To try and remedy the situation the gov’t minted more coins, but this only caused inflation (a rise in prices responding to a decrease in the value of money)
- To keep the army the gov’t had to raise their wages to keep up with inflation.
- To do this they taxed farmers heavily, but that caused the farmers to stop farming because it was to expensive to do.
- This caused a food shortage.
Diocletian
- He came to power by murdering his predecessor.
- Invasion was common, so he restored the legion back to 60 guys.
- He traveled along to oversee everything himself and he came to the conclusion that the empire was to big.
- Trying to stop the inflation he passed the Edict of Prices, which froze wages and set the max price on goods.
- It failed even though the penalty for breaking it was death.
- He also made your occupation, your job for life.
- He tried to stabilize the econ. as well.
- Made it legal for farmers to chain their workers to the land.
- Made jobs hereditary.
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Moved the Eastern capital to the city of
Germanic Invasions
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The barbarians moved into
The Visigoths
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In 410 A.D the Visigoths led by Alaric
sacked
- After the death of Alaric the Visigoths left.
The Huns
- These peoples were led by Attila.
- They raided the eastern empire and were so fearsome on horseback that the Romans and Visigoths banded together to fight them.
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The Huns sacked
End of the
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The Vandals raided and sacked
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In 476 A.D, Odoacer seized control of
- Then Odoacer announced himself king.
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This is considered the year and final
cause of the end of the
Spartacus
- Spartacus’s Origins
o Greek nomadic stock
o Some believe him from
o Thracian by birth, served as a Roman soldier, became a prisoner, and sold for a gladiator
o “Thracian” fighting style was fighting with a round shield and a short sword or dagger.
- Third Servile War
o Trained at gladiatorial school
near
o 73 B.C escaped from the school with like 70 other slaves.
o Hid on
o They plundered and pillaged
o Crixus was his most important aid
o Roman soldiers trap them on the mountain, to counteract this Spartacus built vine ladder and scaled down the mountain on the back side and surprised the Romans.
o They attacked while the Romans were sleeping.
o Spartacus’s army was supposedly 140,000 strong
- The Fall of Spartacus
o His excellent military tactician
o His people didn’t know how to fight
o He trained them by teaching one small group then that group taught several others….
o It took a matter of weeks
o Crixus wanted to stay in
o Spartacus wanted to move North and go home
o Crixus get 30,000 to follow him and they get killed
o To avenge Crixus, Spartacus took some Roman prisoners and forced them to have gladiator fights.
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Choice to remain in
o
o Tried to get off the Italian peninsula by a deal with Cilician pirates.
o The pirates abandoned them because the Romans paid more
o Spartacus fell in battle
o Tried to fight off attackers even though he was basically crippled
o Never found his body
o After the battle Crassus crucified thousands of revolters along