Modern US History 1st Nine Weeks

End of Civil war Power point

Opener:

Problems: After the Civil War no one knew what to do.

Ex-slaves—“Freed Men”

Educate-before the CW illegal for a slave to read.

House

Feed

Clothe

Medical Care

Ex-confederates—they waged war against America---traitors of the worst kind…

Do you let them vote?

Do you let them hold office?

Do they regain citizenship?

Is Virginia a state just like Illinois?

Read the section in the text on the Civil War American Odyssey pg. 172-180 and write down 5 facts about the Civil War or answer the questions on page 180.

History is not a series of facts and dates and people to remember—it is an ongoing argument and discussion.

Human History broken up:

B.C. Before Christ

A.D. Anno Domini

American history broken up at its basic level is divided at the Civil War

US History Discovery-Civil War

US History Reconstruction-Present

Reconstruction Power point

Reconstruction: The Challenge of Freedom

For most of the modern era the process of ending wars involved representatives of the warring nations sitting down at a table and arranging some sort of peace. Depending on the duration, the intensity and the issues over which the war was fought, peace settlements could range from harsh to generous. An unspoken but generally understood assumption was that the warring parties would be likely to meet on the battlefield again, with the results quite possibly reversed. Thus over-harsh settlements were rare.

Such a resolution was impossible following the American Civil War for the simple reason that the two warring parties—the Union and the Confederacy—were not held to be equal. The war had been fought over the Confederacy’s right to exist as a separate nation. The Union victory in effect ended the Confederacy’s claim to political independence. From the Union perspective there was no other party with whom to negotiate a peace settlement, which meant that it was up to the federal government to decide exactly how the defeated Confederate states were to be treated.

What is “Reconstruction?”

· The process of restoring relations with the Confederate States, South, Gray, Rebels, Traitors, Losing side of the Civil War.

· Rebuild to make something stronger—America—United States.

· Rebuild means rebuild! Actually rebuild buildings, roads, railways, homes, and businesses

· Economy must be rebuilt—way goods are distributed—money in the South was worthless—Confederates had taken out loans to pay for stuff—are these loans going to be honored? Banks who lend money to the Confederates…are they to be paid back?

· Relations…how do we treat the defeated Confederates? Abe Lincoln thought they really could not quit the Union…in his eyes they never left the Union because they legally couldn’t.

Lincoln’s death was the worst thing that happened during this period of American History

Reconstruction: Lincoln’s View

Reconstruction attempts actually began before war started when the Senate Crittenden Committee attempted in December 1860 to find a compromise that might reverse the course of secession. That committee went so far as to propose an Lincoln amendment to the Constitution that would have guaranteed the right of slavery to continue where it already existed. All such attempts were bound to fail, however, given the mood in much of the South at that time. After decades of tension, when the break finally came, it was a relief to many. Had the results of four years of bloody conflict been foreseen, that relief might have vanished.

President Lincoln had actually tried to start the reconstruction process during the Civil War. Following Union victories at Gettysburg, Vicksburg and Chattanooga, Lincoln hoped that at least some Confederate states might see the handwriting on the wall and be willing to rejoin the Union if generous terms were offered. Thus in December 1863 Lincoln issued a Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, which stated that those states where 10% of the 1860 electorate would take an oath of loyalty to the Union and agree to emancipation might be readmitted. Congress refused to recognize Lincoln's plan and countered with the Wade-Davis Bill, a much harsher approach, which the president vetoed with a “pocket veto.” (A pocket veto occurs when a bill is sent to the president, who does not sign it, but Congress adjourns within the 10-day period allowed for the president to return the bill.)

Lincoln did not back off from his intention to treat the South generously. In his famous Second Inaugural Address, which is inscribed on the wall of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, he closed with the words:

With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan...to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

Click here for entire speech

Following Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, President Lincoln again outlined a generous plan for reconstruction. Sadly, the President did not live to see his ideas realized. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln went to Ford’s theater to attend to play with his wife. John Wilkes Booth, a Virginia actor enraged by the South’s defeat, made his way to the presidential box and shot the president in the head. Lincoln was carried across the street and placed in a bedroom, where he died the next morning. Lincoln’s assassination dealt a fatal blow to hopes for a more lenient reconstruction effort than what actually occurred. His death also had a chilling effect on potential sympathy for the South. Winston Churchill wrote:

Others might try to emulate Lincoln's magnanimity; none but he could control the bitter political hatreds which were rife. The assassin's bullet had wrought more evil to the United States than all the Confederate cannonade. ...

Day 4

MUSH

A2 Aug. 26

Lesson:

Hanson End of 121

Lee formal surrender ceremony on April 12, 1865.

The death of Lincoln:

1 deprived the Union of the guiding hand which alone could have solved the problems of reconstruction

2 added to the triumph of armies those lasting victories which are gained over the hearts of men. (Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (New York, 1966), Vol. 4, The Great Democracies, 263.)

3 Lincoln had been seen by many as a messiah, a notion enhanced by the fact that he died on Good Friday

4 even some Southerners—those not consumed by bitterness—realized they had lost a friend.

Assassination
      On April 14, just two days after the disbanding of Lee's army, the U.S. flag was raised over Fort Sumter by Retired General Robert Anderson, the same flag he had lowered on April 14, 1861. That evening, actor John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln—(starts the RECONSTRUCTION) process in the head during a play at Ford's Theater in Washington. Booth had planned to kidnap Lincoln but abandoned that scheme and instead hatched a plot to decapitate the Federal government; attempts to kill Vice President Johnson and Secretary of State Seward failed, but Lincoln was mortally wounded.
      Booth blamed Lincoln for the war and hated him for emancipating the South's slaves. He and an accomplice fled on horseback and were tracked to a tobacco farmer's barn in Virginia. Booth refused to give up and was mortally wounded. Eight conspirators were apprehended, tried, and convicted; four were hanged and the others were imprisoned.
      Four days after Lincoln's shooting, April 18, Johnston surrendered his army to Sherman near Durham, North Carolina, and the war was essentially over. The last battle took place on May 15 at Palmito Ranch, Texas. President Davis spoke of moving the Confederate capital to Texas and fighting on; but he was captured by Union cavalry in Georgia on May 10. Davis was sent to Fortress Monroe, overlooking the mouth of the James River in the Chesapeake Bay. He was imprisoned there for two years awaiting trial for treason--a trial that never took place for legal and political reasons--and spent the remaining years of his life defiantly defending the Lost Cause.

Lost Cause?
      Why did the South lose the war? Countless volumes have been written about this and there is considerable room for debate, but the Confederacy's postmortem is fairly clear. Historians can question the military strategy of the Confederate high command, second-guess the tactical decisions of Lee and other commanders in the field, and speculate about tantalizing what-ifs such as Jackson instead of Ewell at Gettysburg, but all this suggests that the Confederate army was defeated by its own mistakes and ill fate. It should be remembered that the South was the underdog, waging war against a powerful and determined adversary.
      Another way of answering the question is to flip it over and ponder why the North won the war. In the North, after a brief economic recession when the war began, government war purchases and orders from Europe created a great demand for agricultural and industrial production. Northern farms and factories, embracing the new technology and wage-labor market economy that most Southerners spurned, produced more goods during the war than before. The stock market soared as full employment, high wages and profits spread prosperity throughout the North. While the South was plagued by shortages of food, clothing and medicine, Northern soldiers and civilians rarely experienced such deprivations.
      Whereas inflation in the South exceeded 9,000 percent by the end of the war, the inflation rate in the North was held to 80 percent. The Confederacy issued paper currency redeemable for specie after the war; as hopes faded, so did the value of the Confederate dollar. The North relied on war bonds, tariffs on imports, excise taxes, and the nation's first federal income tax, plus interest-bearing treasury notes called "greenbacks." In 1863 Congress passed the National Banking Act to further stabilize the North's monetary system.
      Under the determined and skillful leadership of Abraham Lincoln, supported by a cooperative Congress and relatively compliant state governors, the North effectively utilized its superior war-making capacity. In the final analysis, Lincoln's military strategy executed by Grant and Sherman crushed Confederate resistance. To achieve this outcome, Lincoln harnessed not only the vast resources of the North but also the powerful forces of liberty and democracy. What began as an effort to suppress a rebellion became a war for "a new birth of freedom."
      By any measure it was a horribly devastating conflict, made all the worse by pitting Americans against their fellow countrymen. A total of 3 million men served: 2,200,000 for the North and 800,000 for the South. About 50% of the eligible Northern population served and 80% of the eligible Southern population. A total of 620,000 men died: 360,000 Federals and 260,000 Confederates. (If the same death rate was inflicted on the nation today, six million American soldiers would die.) At least 50,000 Southern civilians also died as a consequence of the war. Much of the South lay in ruins, economically bankrupt and turned upside down by emancipation.
      In his second inaugural address, less than six weeks before his death, Lincoln spoke of healing: "to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace." Vengeance had been the Lords, he said, with "every drop of blood drawn by the lash... paid by another drawn with the sword."

April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant

April 14, 1865 Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

What do we do with the freed men? Ex-slaves?

What do we do with ex-confederates? Soldiers that fought against America. Government officials that served the CSA government. Many of these folks had taken an oath to “preserve protect and defend the Constitution of the United States…so help me God.”

Lincoln…forgive!

Radical Republicans…exercise revenge on the Southerners…ultimate revenge…put the ex-slaves in charge of the ex-masters.

Reconstruction becomes a very violent, disorganized, hate filled mess.

Watch Aftershock…Beyond the Civil War

Beginning to 2/3 01:30

Stop here today.

Day 5

MUSH

A2 Aug. 30

Reconstruction Power point

Lincoln’s Last Speech

The Ordeal (Struggle) of Reconstruction

The Problems of Peace

All rebel (Confederate) leaders were pardoned by President Johnson in 1868.

Freedmen Define Freedom

Emancipation took effect unevenly in different parts of the conquered Confederacy. Some slaves resisted the liberating Union armies due to their loyalty to their masters.

The church became the focus of black community life in the years following emancipation. Blacks formed their own churches pastured by their own ministers. Education also arose for the blacks due to the emancipation proclamation. Blacks now had the opportunity to learn to read and write.

The Freedmen's Bureau

Because many freedmen (those who were freed from slavery) were unskilled, unlettered, without property or money, and with little knowledge of how to survive as free people, Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau on March 3, 1865. It was intended to provide clothing, medical care, food, and education to both freedmen and white refugees. Union general Oliver O. Howard led the bureau. The bureau's greatest success was teaching blacks to read. Because it was despised by the President and by Southerners, the Freedmen's Bureau expired in 1872.

Johnson: The Tailor President

Andrew Johnson was elected to Congress and refused to secede with his own state of Tennessee.

Johnson was made Vice Democrat to Lincoln's Union Party in 1864 in order to gain support from the War Democrats and other pro-Southern elements. Johnson was a strong supporter of state's rights and of the Constitution. He was a Southerner who did not understand the North and a Democrat who had not been accepted by the Republicans.

Continue: Aftershock…Beyond the Civil War 2/3 01:30-3/3 0:00

Day 6

A2 Sep.1

Opener:

Watch Conspirators...the story of the Lincoln Assassination and Mary Surrott…

Absent students: Write a one page paper on Mary Surrott by going to the following website and finding information.

· The Conspirator: Official Movie Site: Directed by Robert Redford

Continue with the Reconstruction Power point

Notes: Topic 25 The Ordeal of Reconstruction (Pageant)

Day 7

A2 Sep. 6

Opener: Copy the following:

Reconstruction IDs

Scalawags

Ex Parte Milligan

Union League

Radical Republicans

Moderate Republicans

14^th Amendment

Black Codes

13th

10% Plan

Baptist

Freedmen’s Bureau

Freedmen

Carpetbaggers

Alaska

15^th Amendment

Watch Conspirators...the story of the Lincoln Assassination and Mary Surrott…

Reconstruction Matching

Parse the “Malice towards none” speech.

1. Reading: Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

2. Very religious speech for an inaugural address

3. Lincoln laying the groundwork for “Reconstruction”

4. Reconstruction is going to be about forgiveness and reunion

5. Set up a system where we can become a Nation again

6. Both the North and the South are going to be fixed

7. Northern and Southern soldiers, widows and orphans going to be taken care of

End here today

Day 8

A2 Sep. 8

Opener:

Do worksheets on Chapter 7 Section 1 and 2...Put page numbers and column on the 7.1 questions. Review Reconstruction take away notes.

Moving West Ch. 7.1 Odyssey Questions—with answers

1. As a result of the Oklahoma Land Rush, how much land was given away by the US government? Where did the government get this land?

Noon, April 22, 1889---some people did not wait—they snuck across the line the night/days before and “staked their claim” to Oklahoma “Sooner” than the legal date. This land was land that was “purchased” from the “evicted” American Indians. Back in the early 1800’s the Cherokee were sent to the OK territory by Andrew Jackson…they were told the land was theirs forever. They had to walk from Georgia to OK. 2,000,000 acres of land.

2. How did the Homestead Act of 1862 affect expansion?

This Act (Law) gives 160 acres of land to anyone who can build a house and live on the land for 5 years. Lots of corruption in this…law said house had to be 15 x 20. Early law did not specify feet or inches…guys went out and claimed thousands of acres with a wagon load of doll houses. Encourages thousands of people to move west…to the frontier.

3. Why were cowboy/cowhands able to reign supreme on the range for 20 years after the Civil War?

Great Plains are dominated by men who “drive” the cattle from the south (Texas) to the railroads in Kansas (cow towns). Cattle ranching was the most profitable way to use the land during these 20 years. This ends with…the fence.

4. Why was the West called “WILD”?

Cowhand’s rugged life near the “Cow towns” Cattle towns in Kansas where the railroads picked up the Texas Cattle. After the long drive “cow hands” would get to town and “live it up”…many of the Cowboys were ex-confederates and ex-slaves.

5. What was California’s most valuable asset in the late 1800’s?

Farmland-people went there During the “Gold Rush” 1849—tough guys…not very law abiding…when they get there because of rumors of gold…they find the gold very hard to mine…so they take to farming…some of the most fertile land in America found in California.

6. What were some Spanish influences on life in the west?

Cowboy’s clothes and equipment in the cattle industry and the large ranches that resembled the Spanish Encomienda system

7. What event led to California’s rapid population growth in the mid-1800’s?

Gold rush followed by agricultural successes

8. What was the most serious obstacle in the building of the Transcontinental Railroad?

Mountains…Sierra Nevada and the Rockies

9. What year marked the Indian’s required move to reservations?

1871

10. What was the purpose of sending Native Americans to government run schools?

Break down Native American culture and assimilate the Indians into white culture.

Reconstruction take away notes!

1. The South was economically, emotionally and physically destroyed by the Civil War.

2. Military defeat in the Civil War caused the South to hate the North…South never accepts Northern political domination.

3. The newly freed slaves travelled to find lost family members…sometimes even renewing wedding vows with spouses from whom they were separated.

4. The “Freedmen’s Bureau” was created by the govt. to take care of freed blacks…it was successful in education programs…not in giving out land.

5. Lincoln proposed the “10% plan” for reunion…the Southern would be let back in the Union when 1 of 10 people swore to be loyal to America. (Easy readmission)

6. Congress and President disagreed over readmission even before Lincoln was killed. Was not all A. Johnson’s fault.

7. Congressmen who wanted to wanted to punish the South thought A. Johnson would go along with their plan. (Radical Republicans—wanted to punish South)

8. The “Black Codes” (laws to keep blacks down) in the South angered many people and caused the Reconstruction battle to swing in favor of radicals.

Stop Here 9/8/11

Next: Expanding West and Industrialization

Day 9

A2 Sep. 12

Opener:

9. Congress demanded that the Southern States ratify the 14^th Amendment in order to be readmitted to the Union.

10. Radicals failed in their efforts to redistribute land to the former slaves.

11. Blacks did not get widespread control of governments in the South.

12. Reconstruction governments were best at education and some other Southern reforms.

13. The Ku Klux Klan was successful in intimidating blacks into not voting and going after their rights.

14. Andrew Johnson was impeached because he did not do what Radicals wanted.

15. Reconstruction healed nothing…racial divisions were increased…sectional (N and S) hatred was increased and this continues into the 1900’s.

PowerPoint: The Closing of the Western Frontier

Vocabulary (pick 10 and do)

Great Plains Long Drive

Sitting Bull Homestead Act

George A. Custer Exodusters

Assimilation Soddy-Sod House

Dawes Act Morrill Acts

Battle of Wounded Knee Bonanza Farms

Vaqueros Grange

Longhorns Populism

Chisholm Trail Bimetallism

Gold Standard William Jennings Bryan

Power point: The West Transformed

Study Guide: The West Transformed

Sep. 14 A2

Day 10

Opener:

PowerPoint Evaluation (The Closing of the Western Frontier):

1. Why is it good to have a frontier?

2. Name three key tensions in the closing of the frontier…

3. Why were “time zones” set up?

4. Crocker, Huntington, Hopkins and Stanford were important in what industry?

5. What did Joseph Glidden invent? How did it impact the Frontier?

6. What ethnic group were the “Exclusion Acts” aimed at?

7. Who really made “All men equal”?

8. When is the “end of the frontier” generally recognized?

9. What is the safety valve theory and who came up with it?

10. What is A Century of Dishonor and who wrote it?

11. What did the Dawes Severalty Act attempt to do?

After finished answer questions on pg. 210 of American Odyssey

Watch End of the Trail

MUSH A2 Sep. 16

Day 11

Populism and Protest Ch. 7-3 pg 212 American Odyssey

1. Who were the members of the Populist party?

2. What issue caused Populism to reach its peak?

3. As production of wheat ________________ in the 1800’s the price of wheat ______________.

4. The Grangers eased the farmers’ plight by...

5. Shortly after the election of 1892, the US economy experienced...

6. Why didn’t most early labor unions last long?

7. Three goals of the Knights of labor...

8. Who did the American Federation of Labor try to organize and what was their main tactic?

9. What were the issues in the McCormick Harvester strike of 1886?

10. The Supreme Court upheld a Presidential order to stop a strike during what event?

Notes on Chapter 7

1. Moving West

I. Expanding Frontiers

a) 20 years/2 decades…open plains…Great Plains…great profits in cattle…drought and oversupply and the railroads ruined this

b) Peak… “cowboys” Spanish influence…horse dominance…chaps, saddles, hats all the styles…Spanish—Mexican vaqueros

c) Lots of cowboys were minorities…still there was discrimination…even on the frontier

d) Past the Great Plains—mining was the big deal! Minerals in the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada Mountains…forests…wood for housing, railroad ties, fence posts…gold & silver found provided money for investment in new towns/cities…money for investment is called capital

II. Building the Railroad

a) 1862—Pacific Railroad Act—govt. gives Union Pacific RR permission to lay track westward…Omaha, Neb….Central Pacific RR laid track eastward from Sacramento, CA

b) RR got $ from government…also got land grants…RR Barons got rich selling the land to settlers…1^st millionaires come during this time

c) Dangerous and hard work done by Chinese CPRR…Irish UPRR

d) Race…ends at Promontory Point, Utah May 10, 1869, Leland Stanford drives “Golden Spike!”

e) By the end of the 1800’s—4 transcontinental RR’s across America. This is huge for passengers and freight!

7.3 Populism and Protest pg. 212-217

1. Who were the members of the Populist Party?

Farmers, Laborers and reformers who wanted government in the hands of the people.

2. What issue caused Populism to reach its peak?

Industrialization was creeping in to all aspects of American life---factory machines were taking jobs for average people…machines were taking jobs from farm hands…when industrialization started affecting agriculture…that is when progressivism/populism took off.

3. As production of wheat increased to new and record levels in the 1800’s the price of wheat dropped dramatically. Farm issue…farmers might have to band together and try to organize themselves to protect the value of their crop and control the costs of their supplies. This is done by the Grangers.

4. The Grangers eased the farmers plight by...make government regulate freight rates on railroads…fund agricultural colleges…formed sales cooperatives and pooled products and divide profits…

5. Shortly after the election of 1892, the US economy experienced...there was the deepest depression the country had yet known!

6. Why didn’t most early labor unions last long? Could not survive the high unemployment of the 1870’s…unemployed people are not in the Union…and can take the place of workers when they use a Union’s most powerful weapon…a strike.

7. Three goals of the Knights of labor...8 hour day…= pay for men and women…accept all persons regardless of what work they do (skilled or unskilled)…supported political issues that affected workers

8. Who did the American Federation of Labor try to organize and what was their main tactic?

Skilled workers only…main tactic was boycotts (refusal to buy goods)

9. What were the issues in the McCormick Harvester strike of 1886?

Eight hour work day instead of 10…violence and death were the result in a riot between strikers and police

10. The Supreme Court upheld a Presidential order to stop a strike during what event?

Pullman Strike of 1893

End Here Today

MUSH A2 Sep. 20

Day 12

The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution (Chapter Vocab)

The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution (Chapter Notes)

Opener:

Copy the following and identify them using American Pageant

a.       “Chivington” massacre of 400 Indians…1864

b.       1880 Presidential candidate for the Greenback Labor Party…former Civil War general and “Granger” (farmers’ union)

c.        Chief of Nez Perce Indians…lost a valiant war to the white man…said, “I will fight no more forever!”

d.       Explorer and geologist…said that agriculture could not succeed west of the 100^th meridian

e.        Leader of the Sioux…made medicine in his tent while Crazy Horse was wipin’ out Custer and his troops!

f.        Ohio industrialist who helped Wm McKinley beat Wm Jennings Bryan in the 1896 election

g.        Pro-farmer “pythoness” who urged farmers to “raise less corn and more hell”

h.       Published “Coin’s Financial School” & “Tale of Two Nations.” Was a silver advocate.

i.         Radical RR union leader…turned socialist and eventually led the Industrial Workers of the World…went to jail for beliefs

j.         Sioux massacred crackers! Custer’s last stand. 1876-1877 Sioux Wars

k.       The most famous Apache leader of Arizona and New Mexico…waged warfare with whites

l.         Wrote A Century of Dishonor a book that pointed out the abuse the Indians suffered at the hands of the whites.

MUSH A2 Sep. 22

Day 13

Opener: Look up the following:

Horatio Seymour

Jim Fisk

Jay Gould

Thomas Nast

Horace Greeley

Samuel Tilden

Denis Kearney

James Garfield

James G. Blaine

Charles Guiteau

Lionel Sackville West

Benjamin Harrison

Ulysses S Grant

Rutherford Hayes

Grover Cleveland

Politics in the Gilded Age Notes

US Grant, R. Hayes, J. Garfield, C. Arthur, B. Harrison, and G. Cleveland were known as the "forgettable presidents."

o Politics during the 20 years following the Civil War and Reconstruction

o Politics…distribution of decision making power

o Elections—we elect representatives to make decisions in our place

“I have acted in every instance from a conscientious desire to do what was right, constitutional, within the law, and for the very best interests of the whole people.” President Grant, 1876

The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant

The Republicans nominated General Grant for the presidency in 1868.

The Republican Party supported the continuation of the Reconstruction of the South, while Grant stood on the platform of "just having peace."

Grant ends up being a nice guy but a terrible president.

The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour.

Grant won the election of 1868.

His terms in office marked by corruption!

People he trusted stealing government money or using government positions for personal profit.

The Era of Good Stealings—corruption

People in business and politics for strictly selfish reasons…not out of a desire to serve!

“Gilded Age” name given to this time by Mark Twain…Gilded things have a thin veneer of gold on the outside but are worthless on the inside

Jim Fisk and Jay Gould devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869.

On "Black Friday," September 24, 1869, the two bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit.

In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell gold from its reserves.

"Boss" Tweed employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk New York of as much as $200 million. (Tweed Ring)

Tweed was eventually put into prison.

This was partly due to the cartoons of Thomas Nast.

PowerPoint—The Politics of the Gilded Age

Pojer Grey

MUSH A2 Sep. 26

Day 14

Opener:

Pg. 232-239 Facing a New Order Ch. 8.1

1. What reshaped the US government in the Progressive Era?

How concerned citizens responded to the problems of urbanization

2. Why did factories need to be built near rivers before the mid-1800s? Water power ran the factories…after mid 1800’s steam runs the factory…build factories anywhere…usually near transportation routes

3. Before 1890, most immigrants to the US came from...Northern and Western Europe

4. Three characteristics of most immigrants from 1890-1920...Southern and Eastern Europe…poor, illiterate, Catholic

5. Three opinions of Josiah Strong about the growth of cities...all bad stuff!

6. Three problems of airshafts designed in “dumbbell” apartments...garbage in fresh air wells, rats, diseases and cockroaches! It was stinky!

7. What happened to rural population 1880-1920? It increased but not as much as the urban population

8. Three typical activities of George Washington Plunkett in a typical day...he did things to inspire loyalty in the neighborhoods to him and his politicians.

9. Plunkett’s reward for delivering votes to party candidates...Inside information on government activities

10. Three attitudes of the Middle Class in the US during the early 1900’s...

Notes on 8.1

Starts with Jacob Riis…How the other Half Lives

1. Shame of the cities

I. As cities became overcrowded, those who could afford it moved to suburbs, which blossomed at the edge of the cities

II. Many factors contributed to urbanization

a) The rise of mass transportation enabled suburbanites to commute to work, encouraging cities to spread outward

b) Steam power replaced water power, allowing factory owners to locate their factories anywhere, usually near transportation hubs

c) Mechanized farm equipment displaced many rural workers who headed to cities to find factory work.

d) African Americans began to leave the South in search of new opportunities in Northern cities

e) The cities had countless attractions and technological advances that lured people to live there.

f) About 25 million immigrants—half as many people as lived in the entire country in 1880---entered the US between 1880 and 1920

III. Before 1890 most immigrants came from northern and western Europe. Between 1890 and 1920, about 80% of all immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe

IV. Most immigrants settled in cities because that is where the jobs were. By 1920 nearly ½ of all urban dwellers were immigrants or children of immigrants

V. Rapid growth of cities created many problems: increased crime and violence, rundown housing, shortages of police and firefighters, grossly inadequate sanitation services and racial prejudice against African Americans.

VI. Political corruption thrived in the cities, where politicians used municipal contracts for self profit and hand out small favors—a job, a bag of coal or legal advice to get the votes of immigrants and African Americans.

VII. Some politicians built “Political Machines” in which ward bosses, such as George Washington Plunkitt, controlled jobs, contracts and favors…the boss used the machine to win votes for machine politicians and to get rich.

MUSH A2 Sep. 28

Day 15

Do Questions on Reaching For Empire

13 Reaching for Empire Ch 7-4 pg. 218

1. What was President Monroe’s message to European powers in 1823? How old was the US at this time?

2. Who backed Polk’s policy of territorial expansion in 1844?

3. What was the basis for possibly declaring war on France after Napoleon put Maximillian on the Mexican throne?

4. Where did the US look for new markets in the mid to late 1800’s?

5. Why was Sewards purchase of Alaska such a bargain in 1867?

6. How did the US finally acquire the Hawiian Islands?

7. Why did Americans support the Cuban fight for independence from Spain?

8. What attitude did McKinley have about foreign policy?

9. Why was it important for Americans to free the Philippines from Spanish control?

10. What areas were gained by the US as a result of the Spanish American War?

Watch Presidents from Andrew Johnson to Theodore Roosevelt

MUSH A2 Sep 30

Day 16

Sage Notes: Gilded Age Politics

Finish the Fill in the Blank activity from the Politics of the Gilded

Topic 25 Politics in the Gilded Age , 1869-1889

Define the following Topic 25 Politics in the Gilded Age, 1869-1889:

a)     Groups who work together temporarily

b)    Acquire all of a product so you can control the price

c)     Weird, different, unique

d)    Pardon or forgiveness

e)     Coins made of silver or gold—holds its value because of what it is

f)      Money that holds its value

g)     Paper…called “greenbacks” when they first came up with it

h)    In finance it is the reduction of money available-high interest

i)       Men who come together for social/political/business reasons

j)       Money obtained from people doing government work…illegally…person who does work give $ to guy who gave job

k)    Agreement between folks who usually disagree

l)       Disrespectful name for a Chinese immigrant

m) Influence, sway, power, “juice”

n) To let alone—usually applied to government behavior towards economics

o) Political term meaning wasteful spending to help a politicians reelection

1. Coalition

2. Corner

3. Eccentric

4. Amnesty

5. Hard money

6. Sound money

7. Soft money

8. Contraction

9. Fraternal organization

10. Kickback

11. Consensus

12. Coolie

13. Pull

14. Laissez-faire

15. Pork barrel

Gilded Age…a term used by Mark Twain…to describe the politics and economy of the period from 1870-1890.

Gilded—a thin layer of gold over lead or tin

Notes:

Gilded Age 2 The War between Capital and Labor American Academic--– Capitalists and Workers

Unions—organizations of workers to try to make conditions better for workers.

First the Unions concerned with safety, hours…eventually pay, vacations, benefits…all things that laborers would want and factory owners did not want to pay for.

Earliest Union—Knights of Labor—1869—just 4 years after the Civil War. They were called a “Noble and Holy Order”. Secret organization at first…tailors pulled together by Uriah Stevens…started in Philly…Protestant (no Catholics allowed)…wanted “equal pay for equal work.”

By 1878 Knights became a national labor union…they saw the wage system as an eventual return to slavery.

They tried to unite all workers…did not discriminate on the basis of race, color or sex. Wanted workers to have control over what went on in the factories…and eventually they wanted the workers to control the factory, mine or whatever the means of production were.

“Every man should be their own master”…”An injury to one was an injury to all.”

They grew to 700,000 members by 1886. Did not discriminate between skilled and unskilled workers.

1^st to call for 8 hour day

They wanted jobs to be spread out to avoid injury

Breaks that led to more alert workers and less accidents

Their main weapon was the boycott…refusal to buy goods produced by factories that did not respect workers.

What did the Knights in?

1. High unemployment…if boss found out you were a Knight, you would be fired…and an unemployed guy would get your job.

2. Skilled workers wanted their own union…apart from unskilled.

The American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Combination of craft unions…aristocracy of unions…no unskilled workers allowed.

Samuel Gompers—had been a member of the Cigar Makers Union—formed the AFL in 1886. President of the AFL for 38 years.

Stole the skilled workers from the Knights.

Did not want to “Own the factory”

Work within the factory system to accomplish goals:

Shorter Hours

Better pay

Right to bargain collectively (all workers treated the same)

These people were more successful because they did not threaten the capitalistic system.

More practical in their approach—wanted more “bread for the workers and their families.”

AF of L “of the working people, for the working people, and by the working people.” Right from our Constitution.

And what have our unions done? What do they aim to do? To improve the standard of life, to uproot ignorance and foster education, to instill character, manhood and independent spirit among our people; to bring about a recognition of the interdependence of man upon his fellow man. We aim to establish a normal work-day, to take the children from the factory and workshop and give them the opportunity of the school and the play-ground. In a word, our unions strive to lighten toil, educate their members, make their homes more cheerful, and in every way contribute an earnest effort toward making life the better worth living. Gompers 1912

No firing people for no reason

Wanted controls on immigration so wages would not fall

Wanted protection from machines taking people’s jobs

Laws to protect the worker

Bosses to listen and collaborate with their workers

Main weapon—strike—refusal to work. Collected dues to buy food during strikes…help sick and injured workers. Samuel Gompers was very smart…he organized strikes when business was good so that the business owners profits would be hit. Did not strike during hard times…when their were lots of immigrants around to take jobs and be “Scabs”…people who work while others are on strike.

Labor and Owners had actual war

Incidents at Haymarket Square, Chicago, Homestead, Pennsylvania, and Pullman, Chicago.

These incidents resulted in violence and death—radicalization of the Unions. Labor militancy.

MUSH A2 Oct. 4

Day 17

o Worksheets on 8.2 and 8.3

o Watch movie on Indian Wars

MUSH A2 Oct. 6

Day 18

23-Politics of the Gilded Age

Absent write out the following…put in proper order the definitions are out of order

Agreement…common opinion

Borrowed money not backed up with collateral

Civil servants appointed by govt. officials

Control or dominate the market for a product

Government jobs

Government leaves the economy alone… “hands off”

Government spending money on things it does not need to favor politicians

Granting pardon for crime or wrongdoing

Groups of men who get together for some purpose

In finance…reducing the supply of money

Legal claim on property bought on credit

Less money in circulation and prices go down

More money in circulation and prices go up

Official show of disapproval

Payment for government favors/contracts

Political killing Garfield-Guiteau

Temporary alliance for political purposes…(win an election) folks who normally do not get together…unite to win an election

Vocabulary

Coalition

Corner

Censure

Amnesty

Civil service

Political appointees

Unsecured loans

Contraction

Deflationary

Inflation

Fraternal organization

Consensus

Kickback

Lien

Assassination

Laissez-faire

Pork barrel

Civil Service Commission—give tests to see if people meet requirements to do government jobs.

Fill in the blank from last Friday

Reaching for Empire AO pg. 218

Picture of Theodore Roosevelt—Our first “Modern President”--1900

In the picture he is not president—he is a member of the “Rough Riders”—a group of men who fought in the Spanish-American War—Formed by Roosevelt after he had been Assistant Secretary of the Navy…and basically started the Spanish American War.

Up until this time America is an isolationist country—We are (1789-1898) concerned only with things going on around us.

Why?

1. New country…not rich…not strong (army, navy)

2. We are protected on our west and east coast by water…Oceans

3. In the north (Canada) and the south (Mexico) we are surrounded by countries that were either fairly friendly to us or really posed no threat.

4. We were building our own nation…our country at this time…rural…industrialization was not significant…we were fighting among ourselves (Civil War)…so little attention was paid to the rest of the world.

Foreign Policy—Monroe Doctrine-1823-says to European countries—stay out of the Western Hemisphere (North, Central and South America)…in 1823..America is young, powerless…34 years old.

No power to back this up!

The reason Europeans respected this at all was because England had our back—England wanted to prevent other European countries from gaining power in the Americas.

Main interest in America at this time was territorial expansion—getting more land…”from sea to shining sea”

Farmers wanted more land…settlers wanted more land…land is the equivalent of wealth.

1^st challenge to Monroe Doctrine…from France…they are going to put Maximillian on the throne of Mexico so they (the French) can control Mexico! 1844—we bring up MD.

Main event that changes everything…industrialization…we start making more things than we can use!

We need places to sell our stuff…MARKETS.

Old places…Europe…already buying our stuff…new markets were in…Asia…before this time…Asia is too far and too different culturally for us to mess with.

As we make more things…shipping advances to the point where we can get things to Asia…powered by coal. Can not put enough coal onboard a ship leaving San Francisco to get it to China…we needed “coaling stations.”

This need results in us trying to gain influence in places we never were interested in before…

Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, Midway Islands---all exotic Pacific Ocean places that suddenly become important as places to store and load coal on steam ships.

Very Controversial time in our history—lots of decisions based on racist ideas.

The White Man’s Burden

MUSH A2 Oct. 11

Day 19

Explain SQ3R method of reading

o Survey

o Question

o Read

o Recite

o Review

Do a survey on Chapter 30

Should be about 43 items that are not text!

Start discussion of America coming out of isolationism and into interventionism

MUSH A2 Oct. 13

Day 20