Schweikert study guide

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Learning Objectives

A patriots history of the United states

Chapter 1—The City on the Hill, 1492-1707

Student will research and investigate European trade and exploration to understand how events occurred in time and place, are sequenced chronologically, and impacted future events.

Student will analyze historical information to understand and explain attempts at colonization and the problems involved with colonization.

Students will research and investigate colonial lifestyle, Puritanism, slavery, and colonies in Virginia, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and other colonies to explain the impact of historical events on society.

Possible discussion suggestions:

What knowledge and capabilities would contribute to survival in the early colonies?

What gain would be achieved by England establishing colonies?

What factors are involved in the Pilgrims establishing a colony in North America?

How are the Puritans different from the Pilgrims?

How did the Puritan viewpoint influence future development of the United States?

Why were indentured servants in the colonies?

Discuss interactions between Europeans and American Indians.

Reading comprehension Questions:

The Age of European Discovery (pg. 1-3)

1. What took post-Renaissance Europeans to parts of the globe that they had never seen before?

2. What did Marco Polo and his companions come back with after their trip to China?

3. What is an astrolabe?

4. European monarchs wanted to consolidate their possessions into larger, cohesive, dynastic states.

5. The Protestant Reformation of 1517 fostered a fierce and bloody conflict between what two religions?

Portugal and Spain: The Explorers (pg. 3-9)

1. Prince Henry the Navigator was…

2. Arab middle men who carried out slave expeditions in the interior of Africa, exchanged captive men, women and children for…

3. What did King John II eventually change the name of the south African Cape to…

4. Columbus departed from Spain going west in a direct line to…

5. Columbus’ fleet consisted of three ships, the Nina, the Pinta and the…

6. T/F Columbus was in Cuba when he found natives with “handsome bodies and good faces”.

7. Columbus had taken how many trips between 1492 and 1502. 1 2 3 4

8. T/F News of Columbus’ discovery excited all of Europe.

9. T/F Once Columbus “blazed the trail” other Spanish explorers had trouble getting money for trips. People were eager to invest.

10. Who is Hernando Cortez and what did he do?

11. The most astounding thing about Aztec culture to the Europeans was.

12. The Europeans (Cortez) conquered the Aztecs because of:

13. T/F Men fighting with a sense of individual rights, civic duty, and personal freedom won over men fighting for an all powerful unquestionable ruler.

14. Of the three things that helped the Europeans (Spanish) conquer the Natives; they were mobile, they had capital—(money), and the western way of combat—group cohesion of free citizens which was most important according to Mr. Schweikert.

15. How did native military organization make it all but impossible for them to be successful against the guns of the invaders?

Portugal and Spain: The Explorers (Continued) (pg. 10-11)

1. What played important roles in the conquest of Spanish America?

2. Who eliminated Aztec leadership?

3. Who explored Florida in the 1500’s?

4. Who brought the Christian Gospel to the Indians?

5. Who traveled with every expedition of the Spaniards?

6. What building was usually built first at a Spanish settlement?

7. After the colonists started a Mission what did the Spanish government do?

8. Time made it difficult for the Spanish monarchs to control the New World. T F

9. The mestizo population is now referred to as ________________.

10. What is one theory as to why Spanish colonization was so very slow.

11. Spanish excitement was dampened by the difficulty of getting the riches back to Europe. T F

Pirates of the Caribbean (pg. 11-12)

1. What were the population numbers of the Natives in Mexico at the time of first contact?

2. What are some reasons why Spanish colonization moved so slowly after first contact?

3. Describe the success or failure of Spanish ships in 1591.

4. Why would mercantilism have a chilling effect on Spanish migration to the New World?

5. How were the riches brought back by Pizarro affecting Spanish life and economy?

6. How were the Dutch and English different than the Spanish in their attitude towards colonization?

France in the New World (pg. 12-13)

1. Who was the first French explorer to the New World and what was he looking for?

2. Who discovered Quebec? Why was New France a disappointment?

3. Who were the Huguenots and where did they end up settling?

4. Three reasons why French colonization lagged behind English colonization…

5. Why didn’t the French government encourage colonization?

6. What product did the French end up exploiting in the New World?

7. Who were two French explorers who had much success in exploring the New World?

The English Presence (pg. 13-14)

1. England was late in coming to the New World—what things allowed them to catch up to the Spanish and French?

2. Humphrey Gilbert excited the English with a book challenging them to try to find…the name of the book was…

3. Name three men important in the establishment of a permanent English Colony in America.

4. What is the significance of the word CROATOAN in the story of the first attempt to establish a permanent English Colony in Virginia?

Foundations for English Success in the New World (pg. 14-16)

1. Why was the Company of the Staple founded—why was any company founded?

2. What is limited liability?

3. How did “westerners” differ in their response to new ideas and technology?

4. What were Colonial English attitudes toward immigrants…what could immigrants get in America?

5. How did the idea of land ownership propel English settlement of the land that would become America?

The Colonial South (pg. 16-18)

1. James I granted a charter to the Virginia Company for land in the New World. T F

2. What advantage did the English enjoy in the competition for colonization over its rivals?

3. How did property rights help the English in their colonization?

4. In April, 1607, 26 year old Captain John Smith piloted ships 50 miles up what river?

5. Smith implored the London Company to send “_______ carpenters, husbandmen, gardeners, fishermen, blacksmiths, masons and diggers up of trees.”

6. Jamestown settlers had a high resistance to diseases like Malaria. T F

7. What famous Bible edict did Smith issue in Jamestown?

8. The Virginia Company provided free passage to Jamestown to indentures and servants who agreed to work for ______ years.

9. What were folks reduced to eating during the “starving time”?

10. Who was America’s first “socialist”?

11. What did Powhatan do to strengthen the postion of the Native Americans?

12. Who married John Rolfe and moved to England?

Tobacco, Slaves, and Representative Government (pg. 18-21)

1. What farm product saved Jamestown?

2. The “head-right system gave a man how many acres per person he brought to the New World?

3. Who first worked the tobacco plantations…how did this change in 1619?

4. What happened to the Southern labor force in the 1660’s?

5. What money making idea did George Thorpe come up with in Virginia?

6. What happened to the land and population as a result of tobacco farming?

Bacon’s Rebellion (pg. 21)

1. What “Natural Law” did Virginians believe in? Why did they not follow it?

2. Why did the Virginia Company attract attention?

3. Who tried to bring the colonials into line when mismanagement was suspected?

4. What allowed Virginia to assume some type of self government?

5. A Group of _________________ executed King Charles I.

6. After Charles the I was killed, who took over the throne and who were his supporters?

7. What was the status of Virginia when William Berkeley took over as governor in 1660?

8. What were Nathaniel Bacon’s intentions on how to handle the surrounding Indian Tribes?

9. Why did Bacon march and what was the effect of the march?

10. How did Bacon and his followers suddenly lose their grip and control of Jamestown?

The Maryland Experiment (pg. 21-23)

1. How did the Maryland colony come into being? Who received its first “Charter”?

2. Who really governed the colony of Maryland?

3. What did Father Andrew White observe about the vegetation in the Maryland colony?

4. How did religious toleration effect the settlement of the Maryland colony?

5. How did Maryland answer the labor supply problem it faced.

The Carolinas: Charles Town vs. The Cracker Culture (pg. 23-24)

1. Why did the Carolinas lead the colonies in the use of slave labor?

2. What developed in the Carolinas that would have a profound effect on the American experience?

3. What was the greatest fear faced by the planters in the Carolinas—was this fear warranted?

4. How did northern Carolinians differ from their southern bretheren?

Life of the Common Colonials (pg. 24-26)

1. How did the people in America become less and less English?

2. What was the diet of the Americans? How did it compare to the English?

3. Describe the status of doctors and medical care in the New World. When did people go to doctors?

4. What activity attracted the attention of colonial men? Why was this more important in the colonies?

5. What five trends influenced the growth and maturation of the Virginia and Maryland societies?

New England’s Pilgrims and Puritans (pg. 27-31)

1. What was the difference between a Puritan and a Separatist?

2. Where were the Pilgrims from? Where did they go before coming to America (Plymouth)?

3. Where were they suppose to go?

4. What was the purpose of their trip (quote)?

5. What did they emphasize in their government?

6. Who helped the Pilgrims—why did the need help?

7. Do historians recognize the Plymouth colony as an economic and political success? Why is it so famous then?

8. What happened in 1625 that caused many Puritans to come to the New World?

9. What did the New England see as the potential for the Salem and Cape Ann area?

10. How did the Puritans get control of the Virginia Company?

11. Were Puritans “strict and drab?”

12. What was Winthrop’s message upon arrival in the Massachusetts colony?

13. What did the government in England try to do with its people? How did this effect Puritan migration?

14. How did the government of Puritan Massachusetts function? What were people’s roles?

15. Could everyone be a church member? Describe the process.

16. Did everyone become members? How did folks still fit in even though they were not members?

17. Who were the first “troublemakers” in Massachusetts? When was this and what did they do?

18. What happened to “toleration” in 1692? What did this illustrate about the Puritans of Massachusetts?

The Pequot War and the American Militia System (pg. 31-32)

1. What was born out of the Conflict with the Pequot Indians?

2. Why did the original relationship between Puritan settlers and the Pequot change?

3. What did Indians realize after the massacre at Mystic?

4. Why did the colonists like a militia better than a standing army?

5. What are the disadvantages of the militia system?

6. Why Congress distrustful of “professional military”?

7. What seemed to be more of a challenge than that posed by the Indians?

Roger Williams and the Limits of Religious Tolerance (pg. 32-34)

1. What were some of Roger William’s complaints against the established church in his colony?
2. How did the relationship between church and state effect the future of Roger Williams? What eventually happened to him?
3. What colony did Williams found? What did Massachusetts think of this colony?
4. Who is Ann Hutchinson and what did she do to irritate the Massachusetts officials?
5. Where did she move and what eventually happened to her?
6. What did Rhode Island become known for as a result of Williams and Hutchinson settling there?
7. Did Rhode Island hinder the development of Puritan colonization? What is the evidence of this?
8. Who were Sir Fernando Gorges and John Mason? Why are they important?

Unique Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, and Quaker Pennsylvania(pg. 34-36)

1. Locate the “Middle Colonies”. How were they different from New England and the Southern Colonies?
2. How did the Dutch influence the atmosphere in the Middle Colonies?
3. How did the middle colonies attract population to their land?
4. How did New Amsterdam become New York?
5. Why was New Jersey an attractive place to colonize for some people?
6. Who were the Quakers and how did they get their name?
7. How did William Penn acquire Pennsylvania?
8. What was the Charter of Liberties and why did Penn agree to them?
9. What did Penn’s principles lead to according to historian J.R.T. Hughes?

The Glorious Revolution in England and America, 1688-89 (pg. 36-37)

1. What was the Glorious Revolution? How did it affect the American colonies?
2. What did James II do to colonial independence?
3. Who was Edmond Andros and what did he say he was going to do? Did he do it?
4. What were the “colonial rebellions”? What was the result of these rebellions?
5. Describe the Declaration of Rights in 1689. What happened to governmental power as the result f this?
6. How was the American view of this different from the English view?
7. By 1700 how had religious tolerance helped America in its view of politics?
8. How did the economic views of the English (Europeans) clash with those of the Natives? Why are these incompatible?
9. How did the colonial view of politics and political power combine with the distance from England to create an American system which was going to foster independence?

Chapter 2—Colonial Adolescence, 1707-1763

Student will analyze historical information about the development of early colonial lifestyle and religion to understand conditions that shaped the emergence of ideas and culture.

Students will research and investigate warfare between 1689-1748 to recognize factors and roles that effect governmental policy, international issues, and the development of the US government.

Student will examine historical information to understand economic conditions in colonial America and how slavery was involved in economics, international trade, and the origins of racial tensions.

Student will examine historical information related to establishment of institutions of higher education, art, architecture, drama, literature, and music to understand and interpret the shaping of a new country.

Possible discussion suggestions:

How would New England climate and environment affect its trade?

How would Southern colonies be affected by climate and environment?

What are the natural resources found in the colonies?

How was religion different in the New England colonies compared with the Southern colonies?

Compare and contrast the Middle colonies with the New England colonies; with the Southern colonies. How did labor systems vary?

Reading comprehension Questions:

The Inability to Remain European (pg. 38)

1. Did American colonists seem happy to be English even towards the end of the 1700’s?
2. Why were Americans drifting away from England’s control?
3. What factors caused this?

Shaping “Americanness” (pg. 39-41)

1. What is the American Character? How was it different from European character?
2. Why did Alexis De Tocqueville predict that refined culture (manners) would never take place in America?
3. How were American schools similar to those in Europe, how were they different?
4. What encouraged the schools to become more democratic?
5. Why was John Winthrop Jr’s science largely ignored and Ben Franklin’s embraced?
6. Who were some early American artists and where did they focus their artistic efforts?
7. Describe American theater.
8. Most music was found in American ________________________.
9. What literature was read by most all Americans who could read?
10. List ten of Franklin’s 13 virtues.
11. What two works by Ben Franklin became the first major works to define “Americanism”

ID’S

Common Life in the Early Eighteenth Century (pg. 41-42)

1. What was life like for the common colonial according to Schweikert?
2. Describe the typical home and its furnishings.
3. How did American Colonials dress?
4. Were the Americans ecologically friendly in these early days? How about the Indians?
5. What happened to language as a result of the intermingling of cultures in America?
6. Describe American education. What were newspapers like? Where could an average guy get a newspaper?
7. Give examples of “American Literature”.
8. What were professionals like in America?
9. What was emphasized in American professions? What was replaced?

ID’S

Religion’s First Great Awakening (pg. 43-44)

1. How was religion in America different from the “Old Country”?
2. Why did this happen?
3. Who were some of the preachers at this time?
4. What was preached at this time and why was this important?
5. What did George Whitefield preach?
6. This was called ___________ __________ Christianity.
7. What were some of Whitefield’s tactics? What was the name of his most famous sermon?
8. When did the First Great Awakening begin to fade?
9. What was this movement’s long term effect on the British colonies in America?
10. What Protestant sects grew out of this movement?
11. What does anti-authoritarian mean?
12. To what movement did the Second Great Awakening give birth?

ID’S

Slavery’s American Origins and Evolution (pg. 44-47)

1. Did white Virginians come to America intending to own slaves?
2. What happened between 1619 and 1707 to slavery?
3. Why wouldn’t whites work? What about Indians?
4. What made blacks “perfect” for slavery in the new world?
5. How did the white people justify the slave system?
6. Trace the chronology of slavery in Virginia.
7. What whites traded in slaves? Where did the slaves come from?
8. Describe the black codes. What were they designed to do? Give some examples?
9. Why did slaves occasionally revolt against their white master? Was this a common occurrence?
10. What kind of life developed in the slave quarters?
11. What invention made the slave system profitable and added to slavery’s explosion?
12. When did the first anti-slavery society emerge? What was it called?
13. Why did the North not allow slavery?
14. What law outlawed slavery in new American lands?
15. Explain Washington, Jefferson and Madison’s relationship with slavery. What did Ben Franklin think?
16. What ended the great hope to a peaceful end to slavery?

ID’S

Georgia: The Last Colony (pg. 47-49)

1. Who founded Georgia? Why was Georgia founded?
2. Who moved to Georgia?
3. How did Oglethorpe help the British in the War of Jenkins’s Ear?
4. Did his plan work out?
5. What rule did the Georgia colonists not appreciate?
6. What did Georgia become?
7. Who would be responsible to stop the American Revolution? Why was this task “beyond them?”
8. How did the relationship between the legislature and the executive (governor) affect this duty?
9. How did the lower house “control” the governor in the colonies?

ID’S

Benign Neglect (pg. 49-52)

1. What three factors led to growing dissatisfaction with English rule in the Colonies?
2. What were the Navigation Acts designed to do? What was discouraged in the colonies?
3. What effect did this have on the colonies?
4. The regulation that the colonists—especially merchants despised, involved that money making endeavor?
5. How did trade work in the colonies? What was the per person annual income in America?
6. How did Americans first demonstrate their unhappiness with British rules?
7. How were smugglers and pirates viewed in America?
8. What were the royal officials that tried to “control” the colonials like?
9. Describe New York royal governor Lord Cornbury.
10. How strictly were English laws enforced in the American colonies?

ID’S

Franco-British Warfare, 1689-1748 (pg. 52-54)

1. Why were there wars in the colonies from 1689-1748?
2. What were the five Franco-British conflicts that had an effect on American colonists?
3. Who was Britain’s main opponent at this time in history—they had a naval base at Louisburg?
4. What type of warfare was practiced during these wars in America?
5. Why was the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle disappointing to the Americans?
6. How did the Louisiana Cajuns develop? What is the most unique thing about them?
7. What were some geographical problems faced by the English colonists in their conflict with the French? Why did the English colonies have a population advantage over the French?
8. How was the location of French cities in America a weak spot for them in their conflict with Britain?
9. What were the biggest advantages the English colonials had over the French colonials in these conflicts?
10. What side were the Iroquois Indians supporting?
11. Where were the French building forts during 1749-1754? What do you think will happen in this area?

ID’S

The French and Indian War (pg. 54-56)

1. Who was the Virginia Governor who decided to kick the French out of Virginia? Who did he send to do this?
2. What did George Washington say after his first battle?
3. What did the English government direct the colonists to do following the onset of violence in 1754? What did Ben Franklin propose?
4. How many men did Edward Braddock bring in force against the French and Indians? What happened to them and him?
5. Who was Marquis de Montcalm and why was he important to early French success? What fort did he build?
6. What did William Pitt do when he took control of the war effort in 1757? How many men did he send to America? Where did Pitt direct the “knockout punch” to be delivered to the French?
7. Describe how James Wolfe took control of Quebec.
8. What American territory was given to Spain as a result of the Treaty of Paris in 1763? Who was in control of it in 1802?
9. What was the long term significance of the treaty?

ID’S

Enter King George III (pg. 56-57)

1. Who became King of England in 1760? What is Schweikert’s description of him?
2. What had happened to the American people by the time King George III became their ruler?
3. What was England’s debt at the end of the French and Indian War?
4. The territory acquired by the French and Indian War would require…
5. What did British officials think the Americans should do in order to secure the “frontier” against the French and the Indians?
6. What did the colonials in America think about this?

Chapter 3—Colonies No More, 1763-83

Student will define mercantilism and research and investigate historical information to identify how England hoped to gain wealth from the establishment of colonies in America.

Student will research and analyze turning points and major ideas to identify factors of the French & Indian War that affected the colonies and relations with Native Americans.

Student will synthesize information and reflect on findings to explain the causes of rebellion by the colonies related to England’s revenue-generating laws.

Students will research historical information related to the Intolerable Acts in the Massachusetts Colony and explain why leaders of the other colonies feared the Intolerable Acts.

Student will research historical information to identify reasons for the First Continental Congress and the results of its formation.

Student will research and investigate historical information to understand mercantilist trading issues and other factors that contributed to the American Revolution.

Possible discussion suggestions:

Compare and contrast mercantilism, trade laws, and revenue-generating laws.

How do you think England felt about the Boston Tea Party?

Why would England want to punish the colonies?

Why was the Declaration of Independence written?

What advantages did the colonists have over the British during the Revolution?

What disadvantages did the colonists have fighting against the British?

How did the Americans manage to win the war?

Reading comprehension Questions:

Farmers and Firebrands (pg. 58-59)

1. When did American History start according to Francis Parkman?

2. Who came out the big winners in the French and Indian War? What did the other three lose?

3. Where did English colonists look to settle after the FI War? Who was out there?

4. What did England do to try to stop this?

5. What did Chief Pontiac do to try to stop this?

6. Could the “Indian” way of life survive according to Schweikert?

Land, Regulation, and Revolution (Pg. 59-61)

1. What did folks do in response to the Proclamation Line of 1763?

2. Describe the Indians’ view of property ownership? How was this different from the European point of view?

3. Who explored Kentucky and what did he do to the land?

4. Besides westerners who else grow unhappy with British government?

5. How were the Navigation Acts seen as being “good” before 1763?

6. What are some things that happened after 1763 that changed this dynamic?

7. Why are Patrick Henry and James Otis important in the movement against British control of America?

Mercantilism Reborn (pg. 61-63)

1. Describe George III.

2. Who was George Grenville? How did his leadership affect colonial relations?

3. How was William Pitt different from George Grenville? What items did Grenville try to tax?

4. What effect did Admiralty courts and the Currency Act have on the colonies?

5. What connection had the colonials made between taxation and government?

6. Why did the colonists resist paying for costly governmental services? What were these services?

7. What did Adam Smith’s writings encourage? How did his philosophy square with that of Thomas Jefferson? How about Alexander Hamilton?

8. What freedom did Americans link to political freedom?

The Stamp Act of 1765 (pg. 63-64)

1. Was the Stamp Act of 1765 really that bad? What made it so hated?

2. What did Sam Adams say about it?

3. What “human” element of the Stamp Act infuriated the colonists beyond the hated tax? What did colonists do to these folks?

4. How did Patrick Henry view the Stamp Act? Did Jefferson agree with him?

5. What was formed in America in response to the Stamp Act? What did it accomplish, short and long term?

A “Massacre” in Boston (pg. 65-67)

1. What did Parliament do in addition to levying “minor” taxes?

2. Who was responsible for this? Did the colonists oppose supporting or quartering troops? What did they oppose?

3. What was the Massachusetts letter and what did England do when they found out about it? Was this effective?

4. What happened to Boston that started caused a great deal of hard feelings? How many people died? Who defended the British?

5. Name the group founded by Sam Adams. What were they trying to do? Were they effective?

6. List five writers who were concerned with Colonists maintaining the “rights of Englishmen.”

7. What groups fanned the rebellion flames? Describe the Gaspee incident.

8. Paul Revere was a different revolutionary. How was he different?

Boston’s Tea Party (pg. 67-70)

1. Describe the spark that lit the revolutionary fuse. Why was tea so important to Americans at this time? What was so bad about the Tea Act?

2. Who stood to lose the most with the East India Tea Company’s monopoly on importing tea? What did colonists do about it?

3. Describe the Boston Tea Party.

4. Why don’t we remember the Delaware tea party?

5. Describe the Intolerable Acts of 1774? Who do you think named them? Why did colonists hate the Quebec Act?

6. Why would the rebellion be supported in the South?

7. How did frontiersmen view the rebellion? Religious?

8. Why was all of America brought together by the situation in Boston?

9. Who was sent to America to quell the rebellion? Why was he ill equipped for the job?

10. Who was at the first Continental Congress of 1774? What did they decide to do?

11. What did the Galloway Plan of Union expose?

Revolutionary Ideas (pg. 70-72)

1. What were the 12 resolutions called that stated the colonist’s rights in the empire?

2. Who were the three “Enlightenment thinkers” who influenced most all of the American Revolutionary thinkers?

3. What did Thomas Hobbes say life would be like in “a state of nature?” What did folks do to prevent this?

4. How did John Locke differ from Thomas Hobbes? Was government a natural condition of man according to these guys?

5. Montesquieu suggested doing what with government authority to assure human rights were protected from the government?

6. Did most Americans study these guys…how did the know about them?

7. Was Christianity a part of American Revolutionary ideology?

8. What evidence is there that suggests that Christianity did indeed play a role in the Revolutionary struggle against tyranny?

9. Why do some historians argue that the Revolution is a “religiously neutral” event? Why is this mistaken according to Schweikert?

10. Was God “popular” at the time of the Revolution?

Lexington, Concord and War (pg. 72-74)

1. What did Massachusetts do to show it to be the most “revolutionary” of the colonies?

2. Some say the colonists were not well armed. What is the scholarship that tells that this may be a wrong assumption?

3. What were Thomas Gage of Britain’s two choices at this time?

4. What did Gage finally do? Describe what happened using quotes from the book.

5. How many shots were fired that day…how many hit the British…how many casualties?

6. What did people write about this first encounter between the British and American forces? What was expected?

7. Who eventually would learn not to underestimate the American fighting spirit?

8. Who sent delegates to the second Continental Congress?

9. Was the call for Independence led by John Adams shared by all? What did some want?

10. What was the first important thing the Congress did?

The “Indispensable Man” (pg. 74-75)

1. Why/How did Washington earn respect?

2. How tall was he?

3. How did Washington inspire others?

4. How many lashes were given for being AWOL?

5. What was Washington’s basic strategy during the Revolutionary War?

6. What did the American Patriot soldier have that offset British advantages in discipline?

“Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death” (pg. 75-78)

1. Why was Washington upset when he came to camp in Boston?

2. How many men did he have there? How many overall?

3. List three British advantages at the outset of the War…

4. List the first British obstacle to victory…

5. Second…

6. Third…

7. Fourth…

8. Fifth…

9. List 4 foreigners that helped the Americans…

10. Why was Baron Von Steuben so very special?

11. Who was Washington’s first victory over?

12. What was the sixth British obstacle?

13. How did France tip the scales of balance during the war?

14. List the Frenchmen who helped the Americans and what they did.

ID’S

Opening Campaigns (pg. 78-79)

1. What is the real name for the Battle of Bunker Hill?

2. Why was Henry Knox important here?

3. What was Benedict Arnold known for before his infamous treachery?

4. Why did he become a traitor?

5. What three things improved in the American army to give them hope of victory?

6. How did Washington save his Army in New York?

7. When did Washington get his first victory…where? What effect did this have on the British?

Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence (pg. 79-81)

1. Describe Thomas Payne…marriages, businesses, etc.

2. What did he write?

3. What did he do with the profits?

4. What was he urging in his pamphlet?

5. What states supported Independence?

6. Who introduced the Declaration in June of 1776?

7. Who was on the committee to draft the official Declaration?

8. According to Schweikert who did the founders believe “created” humans?

9. What argument was borrowed directly from Enlightenment thinkers?

What complaint against England was totally eliminated from the Declaration?

ID’S

North to Saratoga (pg. 81-83)

1. What happened to Washington’s army after the victory at Trenton?

2. To where did he retreat after these defeats?

3. What happened there? What were his men forced to eat?

4. What piece of clothing was desperately needed?

5. How did the Colonials ( Americans) obtain money (revenue) at this time?

6. What slowed Burgoyne’s British army?

7. Why was Horatio Gates able to recruit 17,000 men for the Saratoga battle?

8. What did the British do after they surrendered?

ID’S

Trust the French (pg. 83-84)

1. What were the French waiting for before they would help the Americans?

2. What did Louis XVI supply Americans with?

3. What did the Americans need besides men and money from the French?

4. Who was the best negotiator with the French?

5. Why was he the best?

6. Why did Spain help the Americans?

7. What is diplomatic ineptitude and how did Britain suffer from it?

ID’S

Southern Invasion, Northern Betrayal (pg. 84-86)

1. Who were the Tories and where were most of them living?

2. Who was Benedict Arnold? Who was John Andre?

3. What could have happened to Arnold if he had not participated in treason against George Washington?

4. What were the Patriots trying to do to the British Army?

5. Who was the “financier of the Revolution”?

6. What did the Americans look like compared to the French?

7. When did Cornwallis surrender? What did his men do? What song was played?

8. Of 50,000 British troops who participated in the War, how many were lost?

9. What was Washington’s greatest strength?

ID’S

The Treaty of Paris, 1783 (pg. 86-87)

1. Who negotiated the peace for the Americans?

2. What did the Treaty of Paris 1783 do besides end the Revolutionary War?

3. What did the French get out of the Treaty?

4. What was the hardest point to deal with in America during the negotiations?

5. What was to be done about escaped slaves?

ID’S

Chapter 4—A Nation of Law, 1776-1789

Student will research historical information to understand how the 13 colonies were somewhat like independent countries, but were able to cooperate for a common cause.

Student will research and investigate information to explain how the Articles of Confederation and the Constitutional Convention resulted in “Inventing America.”

Student will analyze historical information to explain the purpose of separation of powers in government.

Possible discussion suggestions:

What kind of problems existed after the Revolution?

How do you think England felt after the Revolution?

The United States has three branches of government; explain how each branch checks or balances the other two branches.

Discuss who the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists were and what they wanted.

What is a bill of rights? What is an amendment? How are they different? What is the Bill of Rights in the US?

Reading comprehension Questions:

Inventing America (pg. 88-89)

1. Why did revolutionary Americans have an opportunity to “invent America”?

2. Whose idea was this?

3. What was the danger of this “opportunity?”

4. Who did folks think may “take the crown” like traditional societies had been ruled?

5. Did Washington need to be at the Constitutional Convention?

6. What two important things were the result of the drafting and ratification of the federal constitution?

ID’S

Highways and Wolves (pg. 89-92)

1. What remnant of the past was unanimously rejected in America?

2. Why was creating a government for America going to be different than the task before the Greeks and Romans?

3. What was the age of the American population?

4. Where did people at this time want their government to be? What were these governments concerned with?

5. What governing traditions were “utterly rejected?”

6. Who were the American Revolutionaries not going to give citizenship to?

7. What percent of the American white male population could vote? Was this a good thing according to Thomas Hutchinson?

8. Whose idea was separation of governmental power?

9. Who agreed with him?

10. What are:

Civil Libertarianism:

Due Process:

Free Speech:

Property rights:

11. Did those who invented America forget their recent difficulties concerning communication with government? Explain.

12. What was the over riding obsession of the founders? How many times did Schweikert write this word in this paragraph?

13. Did the founders agree or disagree with Hobbes and Locke that government was artificial? Provide support.

14. How did the flight of the Loyalists to Canada influence the direction the young Republic took?

Chaos and Patriots to the Rescue? (pg.92-95)

1. What was the “critical period” according to 20^th Century history textbooks?

2. Is this interpretation correct according to Schweikert?

3. Did the Articles of Confederation answer all of America’s early problems?

4. Describe the major accomplishment of the Articles of Confederation?

5. When did the Articles take effect and when did they end? How many years is this?

6. Who wrote the “Articles”? Who named them?

7. What problems did property rights create at this time in American history?

8. Why did folks want a weak central government?

9. After Independence what was the name of our Congress changed from and to?

10. What were the many successes of the Confederation Congress?

11. What part of the government was given the military and taxation power? Why dod you think this was so?

ID’S

The New State Constitutions (pg. 95-96)

1. What did Americans think of Constitution making?

2. What two things did most new state Constitutions have?

3. What is republicanism?

4. What is the difference between Constitutional law and statutory law?

5. What is radicalism when applied to this time of American government?

6. What three things did the new State Constitutions do?

7. What did 8 State Constitutions contain?

8. What did Rhode Island give to all free men?

9. How did people control those who govern?

10. What house of the State congresses controlled the “big stuff” of government?

11. What did Pennsylvania not have in their government?

God and the Americans (pg. 96-100)

1. Were there official religions in the early colonies?

2. Where did the idea of “separation of church and state” come from?

3. How did colonials show that they were uncomfortable with religious clergy (authority)?

4. What mattered more to the colonials that religious rules and leadership?

5. According to Schweikert what religion dominated the American founding? What was the attitude towards other religions?

6. What did Alexis De Tocqueville say about the relationship between Christianity and early America?

7. Who was Lyman Beecher and what did he do in his life? When did he live?

8. What did the divisions over religious doctrine lead to in America according to Schweikert? (pg. 98, last paragraph)

9. What happened to religions relationship with University education in America?

10. How did the church-state relationship struggle enter into the field of education in early America?

11. What could people do if they were unsatisfied with a state’s religion?

Beyond the Endless Mountains (pg. 100-106)

1. What were the four streams of migrations of Americans westward?

2. How far (in days) was the trip from Pittsburgh to Louisville?

3. Who was the most famous person who cut and fought his way westward in America?

4. Why was westward movement slower north of the Ohio River?

5. How many people were between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River?

6. Why did this concern the Confederation Congress?

7. What would the Congress eventually have to do?

8. What is domain and how did it hinder the Articles of Confederation?

9. What did America eventually allow “new” territories to become?

10. What was the Ordinance of 1784? Who came up with it?

11. What is the grid system?

12. What are squatters rights and why are they important and unique to America?

13. What was one section of land per township set aside for?

14. How much was land to be auctioned for?

15. What was the new government’s relation to land “owned” by Indians?

16. Did they take these steps because they wanted to cement the Indians claims to the land?

17. Most states even to this day came into the Union in the process set forth by the Ordinances of 1786 and 1787. T or F

18. How was the slavery issue addressed at this time?

19. Who had “authority” over the issue in new states?

20. Could there be “super states”? How was this to be avoided?

21. What did Ohio do to slavery?

22. What was the southern view of slavery? Why did they think this? Was this a political or a moral issue according to southerners?

23. Was the Confederation government a “bankrupt, do-nothing body”? What did it do? List its successes?

Daniel Boone, Civilizer or Misanthrope (pg. 101)

1. Who “blazed the way” for future Americans to move west?

2. Describe two ways Daniel Boone is presented in historical reference.

3. Where did Daniel Boone die?

4. What two artists painted pictures of Daniel Boone?

5. What is meant by the term “archetypical” American?

6. Does this term apply to Boone, according to Schweikert?

Two Streams of Liberty (pg. 106-110)

1. The Whig majority favored what type of constitutions?

2. Detractors wanted what type of Constitution?

3. What did the radicals call themselves?

4. What did the detractors call themselves?

5. How did these names change?

6. Who did the nationalist faction included?

7. Who feared a potential “tyranny of the majority?”

8. What kind of law granted extensions for farmers?

9. Who made a case for less government interference in the economy?

10. Jay offered to suspend American navigation. True or False

11. Nationalists were known as traitors. True or False

12. Who was the treasury chief?

13. Name one tax revolt in Massachusetts.

14. Shays rebels were on the run in 1887. True or False

15. Did the founders want the change to be violent or non-violent…or did they care?

16. What did the men who went to Philadelphia want in their “New Government?”

Mike Fink, King of the River (pg. 107-108)

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A Republic, If You Can Keep it (pg. 110-116)

1. What was the sole and express purpose of the meeting in Philadelphia?

2. Which state did not send delegates?

3. How many people (men) attended the convention?

4. Nearly all men were _______________________.

5. Why didn’t Patrick Henry attend?

6. What was their average age?

7. Which two men had the “highest reputation?”

8. What class were they from?

9. What did Charles Beard and Howard Zinn think of the founders?

10. What did Paul Johnson think of the founders?

11. What was the final source of contention at the convention?

12. What occupation did Madison think should rule…..Hamilton?

13. Define interest as defined by Madison, Hamilton and Washington.

14. What eventually was going to be the occupation of the government officials?

15. What was the Virginia Plan…how about New Jersey?

16. What was the “Connecticut Compromise?”

17. What did De Tocqueville think of “long interval elections”?

18. What was the founder’s solution to this?

19. Which states could block any law dealing with slavery?

20. What did the Northwest Ordinance say about slavery?

21. James Wilson’s compromise measure concerning slaves consisted of….

22. Did the Southern states gain an advantage because of this plan?

23. What three years gave the people in America a chance to end slavery?

24. Name three examples where slavery was tinkered with in the colonies.

25. What were Jefferson, Madison, Hamilton, Franklin and Washington’s views on slavery?

26. What was Gouverneur Morris’ argument against the 3/5’s plan?

27. What threat was slavery to “comity”? What is comity?

28. What would have happened in 1776-1789 if the slavery issue was pushed? (According to Schweikert)

29. What three things were the framers highly focused on?

30. What did Franklin call our government when asked by a female citizen what it was?

Federalism Redefined (pg. 116-119)

1. What did federalism mean before the Constitution was passed? After?

2. Name 5 “enumerated powers” listed in the Constitution.

3. What is the name of the Chief Executive in the United States?

4. How was he to be elected? Why an “electoral college?”

5. What was “perhaps the most significant” presidential power?

6. How has the president gained more power throughout history?

7. What are the qualifications and terms of federal judges?

8. Did the courts get “judicial review” from the Constitution?

9. When can federal judges be “impeached”?

10. What is the most complicated Article of the Constitution?

11. What are the two houses of the American Congress?

12. When looking at the Constitution, did the Nationalists “carry the day?”

13. If the delegates followed the law how was the document to be ratified?

14. How did the founders set up the ratification process?

15. What did nationalists call their plan?

16. What did they call those against the ratification of the Constitution?

ID’S

The Ratification Debates (pg. 119-124)

1. Why did the founders want special ratifying conventions in each state?

2. Why does Schweikert see this as brilliant political strategy?

3. What were three ways delegates were selected to attend the special ratifying conventions?

4. How did Charles Beard portray the founders? How had they been portrayed to this point?

5. Were there wealthy Anti-Federalists? Poor? Name them.

6. Why are Beard and Zinn wrong according to Schweikert?

7. Why is Washington used to prove Schweikert’s point?

8. What were some practical complaints leveled against the Constitution by the Anti-Federalists?

9. What shocked Anti-Federalists the most…what two powers?

10. Why did “Cato” not trust the president with a standing army?

11. What did the Anti-Federalists thankfully insist be in the Constitution?

12. Did Jefferson agree?

13. What was the Anti-Federalist’s fatal mistake? (Do a close read of paragraph end pg. 121 and beginning 122.)

14. What was the series of 85 papers called that supported the Constitution in New York Newspapers?

15. Who wrote them? What was their “pen name?”

16. Why is Madison considered the most significant of the three writers?

17. What did Madison really want voters to do….compromise or take sides?

18. Why did Madison think “factions” could be used in a positive way if the system was set up correctly?

19. What did he “dread?”

20. Hamilton and Madison had a positive or negative view of human nature? Explain.

21. What role was the wealthy to play in the new government?

22. What 5 things did Hamilton and Madison think would keep government officials “in line?”

23. What did the founders do in states with the most opposition to the Constitution?

24. When did the Anti Federalist cause lose support?

25. What was the official “clinching” state for ratification? What two states were really needed before the document could take effect?

26. Who supported the document in Virginia to seal the deal?

ID’S

The Anti-Federalist Legacy (pg. 124-126)

1. Does Schweikert think the Anti-Federalists did well considering their position? Explain.

2. What did they lack in the “battle?”

3. What age and fame advantages did the Federalists enjoy?

4. What is “strict construction?” Who used it Federalists or Anti-Federalists?

5. How did Madison become an Anti-Federalist according to Schweikert?

6. What was Madison against?

7. What five freedoms are in the 1^st Amendment?

8. Did the Founders believe in a “separation of church and state?” What does the 1^st Amendment mean then concerning religion?

9. Explain why Madison left out Jesus’ name from government documents and our author’s claim that he believe some sort of religious belief was necessary to the founders for good government. Do a close read of the paragraph on pg. 125 that starts, “Madison rejected the notion…”

10. Think about the assertions made by Schweikert in the last paragraph of page 125. Do you agree or disagree with his premise? Why?

11. What is a militia and why does the second amendment protect the right to bear arms?

12. What do amendments 4-8 deal with? Why are these some of the most important amendments?

13. According to Schweikert what should the first ten amendments be known as?

14. What forces converged to form the American government from 1776-1789? What did each contribute?

15. According to Schweikert was this a sure thing? What did it turn into…use a quote from the end of the Chapter.

ID’S

Chapter 5—Small Republic, Big Shoulders, 1789-1815

Student will research and investigate historical information in relation to the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists to understand and explain domestic and foreign policies of the United States.

Student will research and analyze personalities and characters of the leaders of the United States’ new government to understand the development of the new independent nation.

Student will research and analyze similarities and differences between Hamilton and Jefferson and their political parties to explain how Federalists and Anti-Federalists became Federalists and Republicans.

Student will examine historical information to understand city services and corruption in a growing America.

Student will examine historical information to understand and explain factors leading to

War of 1812 and why it may be called the Second War for Independence.

Possible discussion suggestions:

What were Hamilton’s “Three Reports?”

Who are the crackers?

Was there a “Revolution of 1800?”

Discuss the Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr duel.

Discuss the Louisiana Purchase.

What advantages for the United States resulted from the War of 1812?

What caused the death of the Federalist Party?

Reading comprehension Questions:

Introduction (pg. 127-128)

1. By 1796, which three founders still got along?

2. Who shaped an American political party? How?

3. What did Federalists and Anti Federalists debate?

4. What was one of the most significant points in the evolution of the Republic?

5. What idea did Jefferson propagate?

Movers and Shakers (pg. 129-132)

1. When and where were George Washington and John Adams sworn into office?
2. Who was one of Washington’s critics?
3. What had happened to Thomas Paine’s reputation at this point in time?
4. What is “Deism”?
5. What qualities brought George Washington power and respect?
6. What was unique about George Washington?
7. Describe Dwight D. Eisenhower?
8. What college did John Adams attend?
9. What was a failure in John Adams?
10. How does Schweikert describe James Madison?
11. What office did Madison hold?

Creating the Cabinet (pg. 132-134)

1. What was Washington’s most important contribution to American Constitutionalism?

2. Many people thought what aspect of American politics would only get worse?

3. How does Schweikert describe Thomas Jefferson?

4. What was different about Jefferson compared to Washington, Adams and Hamilton?

5. What words were penned by Henry David Thoreau?

6. What was Hamilton’s greatest talent according to Schweikert?

7. What did Jefferson and Madison think of Hamilton’s views?

8. What requirement and weakness prevented Hamilton from becoming President?

ID’S

Hamilton’s Three Reports (pg. 134-138)

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Feuding Patriots (pg. 138-139)

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Beyond the Oceans (pg. 139-141)

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The French Revolution and Neutrality (pg. 141-143)

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Jay’s Treaty (pg. 143-144)

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Republicans Versus Federalists (pg. 145-147)

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Democracy’s First Test (pg. 147-150)

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Quasi War (pg. 150-153)

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Adam’s Mettle and the Election of 1800 (pg. 153-155)

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Growing America (pg. 155-158)

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“We Are All Republicans, We Are All Federalists” (pg. 158-162)

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Judiciary Waterloo for Minimalist Government (pg. 162-164)

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“We Rush Like a Comet into Infinite Space!” (pg. 164-166)

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The Cataline of America (pg. 166-168)

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America’s First Preemptive War (pg. 168-170)

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Exit the Sage of Monticello (pg. 170)

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Quids and War Hawks (pg. 170-173)

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“Half Horse and Half Alligator” in the War of 1812 (pg. 173-177)

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A Nation Whose Spirit Was Everywhere (pg. 177-178)

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Chapter 6—The First Era of Big Central Government, 1815-1836

Student will research and investigate historical information to understanding banking in the United States.

Student will research and analyze historical information to understand markets, mass production, and entrepreneurial spirit between 1815 and 1836.

Student will research and investigate historical information to explain and understand expansion to the Pacific Northwest and Florida.

Student will investigate historical information related to European interests in North, Central, and South America to understand and explain the reasons for the Monroe Doctrine.

Student will research and investigate historical information related to the Missouri Compromise, slavery and politics, Native Americans, and Andrew Jackson’s Presidency to understand a big, centralized government.

Possible discussion suggestions:

Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution states that Congress has the power “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for the carrying into execution the foregoing powers.” What does that mean?

What were Andrew Jackson’s strengths and failings?

Since the Constitution said nothing about territories, why would slavery become an issue in the territories?

Describe factions within the Republican party and the rise of the Democrats vs. Whigs.

Reading comprehension Questions:

Watershed Years (pg. 179-180)

ID’S

The Second Bank of the United States (pg. 180-182)

ID’S

Marshall and Markets (pg. 182-184)

ID’S

The Virginia Dynasty, Continued (pg. 184-186)

ID’S

The Restless Spirit (pg. 186-191)

ID’S

Setting the Table for Growth (pg. 191-193)

ID’S

From Santa Fe to the Montana Country (pg. 193-194)

ID’S

Beyond the Monroe Doctrine (pg. 194-195)

ID’S

The Fire Bell in the Night (pg. 195-200)

ID’S

Corrupt Bargain? (pg. 201-204)

ID’S

Adams’s Stillborn Administration (pg. 204-205)

ID’S

The Rise of the Common Man (pg. 205-207)

ID’S

Andrew Jackson, Indian Fighter (pg. 207-209)

ID’S

Internal Improvements and Tariff Wars (pg. 209-213)

ID’S

Jackson’s “War” on the BUS (pg. 213-217)

ID’S

Jackson and Goliath (pg. 218)

ID’S

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Chapter 7—Red Foxes and Bear Flags, 1836-48

Student will research and investigate historical information related to Jacksonianism to understand social and political reform and changes in the American culture.

Student will research information related to the Second Great Awakening to understand the variety of religious experiences in America.

Student will investigate historical information related to education and the arts to understand the American intellect and artistic recognition.

Student will research and investigate factors that prompted the Westward Movement or the ideals of the Manifest Destiny to understand expansion of the United States.

Student will research and investigate historical information related to the annexation of Texas, the Oregon Territory, and the Mexican War to understand expansion of the United States “from sea to shining sea.”

Student will research historical information to understand and explain the factors like the Oregon Trail, Mormons, slavery, and Gold contributed to the Westward expansion.

Student will research the Democrat and Whig party rivalries to understand social and political reform during 1836-1845.

Possible discussion suggestions:

How would a person living in New York in 1850 travel to California and search for gold?

What factors in America contributed to the religious revivals of 1815-1860?

What are booster colleges and what was their purpose?

What should be remembered about the Alamo?

How did the slavery debate affect political party alliances?

Reading comprehension Questions:

The End of Jackson, but not Jacksonianism (pg. 219-220)

ID’S

Buckskins and Bible Thumpers (pg. 221-224)

ID’S

The “Isms” (pg. 224-228)

ID’S

American Renaissance (pg. 228-231)

ID’S

The Little Magician Takes the Stage (pg. 231-233)

ID’S

Tippecanoe and Tyler Too (pg. 233-236)

ID’S

Empire of Liberty or Manifest Destiny? (pg. 236-239)

ID’S

Mr. Polk’s War (pg. 239-246)

ID’S

Westward Again (pg. 246-248)

ID’S

Chapter 8—The House Dividing, 1848-1860

Student will examine historical information related to sectional differences to understand and explain the impact of the Compromise of 1850, Gadsden Purchase, Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision upon society and westward expansion.

Student will research and investigate historical information related to big cities during 1840s to 1860s to analyze how historical conditions influenced immigration, crime, and economics.

Student will examine historical information related to ongoing disagreements regarding slavery to understand and explain the factors involved in why Congress could not settle the issue of slavery.

Student will research historical information related to philosophies and thinking of the mid 1800s to understand and explain religion’s influence in politics and public opinion.

Possible discussion suggestions:

Would slavery have faded out without laws being passed?

What part did the Democratic Party play in the 1860 election?

Could the US have become half-slave and half-free and not fought the Civil War?

What differences existed between the North and the South that contributed to the Civil War?

Are there any similarities between how Britain dominated the colonies and how the North tried to dominate the South before the Civil War?

Reading comprehension Questions:

The Falling Veil (pg. 249-251)

ID’S

An Arsenic Empire? (pg. 251-252)

ID’S

The Dark, Nether Side (pg. 252-256)

ID’S

Slavery: Still (pg. 256-261)

ID’S

Defending the Indefensible (pg. 261-264)

ID’S

The Political Pendulum (pg. 264-268)

ID’S

The Pendulum Swings North (pg. 268-270)

ID’S

Franklin Pierce and Foreign Intrigue (pg. 270-275)

ID’S

The Demise of the Whigs (pg. 275-278)

ID’S

Dred Scott’s Judicial Earthquake (pg. 278-281)

ID’S

Simmering Kansa Boils Over (pg. 281-283)

ID’S

A New Hope (pg. 283-291)

ID’S

The Crisis of Law and Order (pg. 291-293)

ID’S

Chapter 9—The Crisis of Union, 1860-1865

Student will research and investigate historical information related to the Civil War and understand and explain how political changes, attempted compromises, planned secession, and commercialism led to war.

Student will examine historical information related to critical factors of the Civil War to understand how the make up of the armies, cultural forces, naval power, and European neutrality influenced the beginning of the war.

Student will analyze and understand how the strategy of a two-front war, the strategy of a water war, the action and non-action of generals, and finances contributed to the outcome of battles and the war.

Student will research information related to the Emancipation Proclamation and analyze the impact this proclamation had on the North and the South.

Possible discussion suggestions:

If you had been President Lincoln in 1860, what would you have done to solve the problem of the Southern states seceding?

The Confederate States of America wrote the Articles of Confederation, what problems might the Confederate government have because of these Articles?

What are some differences between the Confederate Constitution and the United States Constitution?

Why would the Union Army wage total war in the South in 1864?

Since the Civil War, historians have attempted to explain the causes of the Civil War. Discuss Marxist ideology, Lost Cause myth, and Neo-Confederate philosophy to analyze their interpretations and credibility.

Reading comprehension Questions:

Pgs.

Chapter 10—Ideals and Realities of Reconstruction, 1865-76

Student will examine historical information related to Reconstruction to understand and explain the impact the Civil War and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln had on the United States (North and South).

Student will analyze historical information to draw inferences about the changes in America between 1865 and 1876.

Student will examine information related to the Amendments to the Constitution -- XIII, XIV, and XV, to understand how these amendments reflected changing relationships between individuals and the federal government, and between individuals and state governments.

Student will examine and analyze information related to the Reconstruction to understand and explain how the life of an African American family might have looked during Reconstruction in the South.

Possible discussion suggestions:

Discuss the viewpoints of the Northern states and the Southern states regarding the objectives of Reconstruction.

Who were the scalawags and the carpetbaggers? What impact did they have on states?

Gold and Black Friday, what scandal occurred?

What part did the Klu Klux Klan play in the Reconstruction?

Reading comprehension Questions:

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Answers