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Part I: Paul Johnson: A History of the American People

‘A City on a Hill’: Colonial America, 1580-1750

Using Johnson; dedication and preface, answer the following:

1. What can we learn about Paul Johnson by reading the Inscription and the Preface of A History of the American People? Dedication
2. What does he think of Americans? Preface
3. How was he educated? Did this help/hurt him in his learning and writing American History? Preface
4. What is the challenge of writing a history? Preface
5. What is he trying to do in writing this history of the American people? Preface

Using Johnson; pgs. 3-10, answer the following:

1. What are the three fundamental questions that American history raises? 3
2. Describe the Europeans who came to discover the “New World”. 3-4
3. Why were they interested in the “East”? 4
4. Why did they then turn their attention “West”? 4
5. Who were the Portuguese and why were they significant in the discovery of America? 4
6. What started slavery in the New World and when had it started? 5
7. What was the new style of the slave trade? 5
8. How did Spain enter the picture of American colonization? 6
9. Who was Hernando Cortez and what did he do? 7 Who does your book compare him to? 7
10. What did the Europeans bring to the Indians and what did the Indians bring to the Europeans? 7-8
11. Why did John Hooker hate the Spaniards? 8
12. What is the Treaty of Tordesillas? 8
13. How did the English enter the contest for land in North America? 9 How did the pope’s line fit into this deal? 9
14. What did fishermen have to do with the discovery and exploration of the New World? 10
15. Who was Hernando De Soto and what did he discover or do? 10

Using Johnson; pgs. 11-27, answer the following:

1. Identify Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Ralegh . 11
2. Identify Richard Hakluyt. 11
3. What were two new words that appeared in the 1550’s? 11
4. Who came to colonize with Humphrey Gilbert? 12
5. What was the Squirrel and what happened to Gilbert on it? What was he seen doing? Who took his place? 12
6. What does proto-American mean? What qualities did Ralegh have? 12
7. What did England’s experience in Ireland have to do with their adventures in America? 13
8. What lessons did Ralegh’s colonizing teach? 14
9. What was the air like in America? 14
10. What kind of relationship developed with the Indians? 14-15
11. How did Virginia get its name? 15
12. What was a geography problem for sailors to the “New World”? 15
13. How many men stayed on Roanoke Island to secure it? 16
14. What did Sir Richard Grenville do instead of founding a permanent colony? 16
15. Identify Ralph Lane. 16
16. Who was Virginia Dare? 17
17. Why didn’t Ralegh send a backup fleet to Roanoke? 17
18. What did Sir Francis Drake and the Spanish Armada have to do with this? 17
19. When did ships finally go back to Roanoke Island? What did they find? 17-18
20. What did Sir Francis Bacon write? What advice did it give? 18
21. How did the failure of Roanoke Colony possibly help the English in dominating America according to historian A.L. Rouse & Francis Bacon? 18-19
22. How was Ralegh different from other English Colonizers? 19
23. How was Sir Francis Drake different from Ralegh? 19
24. What was the English National Religious myth? 19-20
25. Why was this important to English/American history? 20
26. What did John Aylmer write and what did it say? 20
27. What did John Davys write about the inevitability of England’s place in the “New World”? 20-21
28. England had tremendous motivation…so why did it take so long for England to act on Portuguese/Spanish domination? 21
29. What did Hakluyt write about colony planting? 22
30. Who were the unwanted people of England? 22
31. How did the emergence of a money economy change Europe? 22-23
32. What was the Virginia Company? 23
33. What was the evolution of the Jamestown Colony? 23
34. What did Jamestown begin? 23
35. Did Jamestown contain a religious element? 23-24
36. What is the “human offal” argument? 24
37. What did the English do wrong in colonization? What did they do right? 24
38. What happened on May 6, 1607? 24-25
39. Three ways John Smith saved the Jamestown Colony? 25
40. Why did Jamestown almost collapse again? 25
41. What happened in the absence of John Smith and Sir Thomas Gates? 26
42. What important document was written under the command of Lord De La Ware (Delaware)? Who wrote it? 26
43. What three important things happened in Jamestown in 1619? 26

Using Johnson; pgs. 28-38, answer the following:

1. What was the single most important formative event in early American history (according to Johnson)? 28
2. Who were the Pilgrims? 28
3. Compare and contrast Virginia settlers and Plymouth settlers. 28
4. Where had the Pilgrims been living….why? 29
5. Why did they decide to come to America? 29
6. Who came along with the “religious” Pilgrims? 29
7. What did they do at sea? What was their Compact modeled after? 29
8. List two “Compact philosophers” mentioned in your history. 29
9. What made the Pilgrim’s compact different? 30
10. Bradford’s book title…. 30
11. Who was Sir Robert Rich and why was he important? 30
12. What colony was settled in 1628? 31
13. What company was formed at this time? Why was it important? 31
14. Of the Puritan migration expeditions which was most important and why? 31
15. Who was John Winthrop? 31
16. What had he decided about England? 31
17. Why had other colonists failed according to John Winthrop? 32
18. What impressed most people about John Winthrop? 32
19. When he and his followers left England to what event did he compare his trip? 32
20. What did he write and why? 32
21. How did Winthrop’s views differ from the Pilgrim’s? 33
22. What was he happy about concerning the Indians? 33
23. What town was formed by Winthrop’s Puritans? 33
24. What was special about the geography of what is now called the United States? 33-34
25. What does Johnson say about American soil? 34
26. What Virginia mistake did the New Englanders not make? 34
27. What were the animals like in New England? 35
28. Name the minerals that enriched this land. 35
29. Describe the forests in New England. 35-36
30. What attitude developed towards the Indians? 36
31. Was there any “organized agriculture” by the Indians…where and what? 36-37
32. What changes did Europeans incorporate in their farming from the Indians? 37
33. Describe the livestock of New England…what other animals proved beneficial? 37
34. How did folks in England describe colonial farmers? 37-38
35. Compare New England and Virginian farming… 38

Using Johnson; pgs. 38-47, answer the following:

1. What is a theocracy? Why did New England need one? 38
2. Who ruled? 39
3. What was Thomas Morton’s crime? How was it punished? What about Philip Ratcliffe? 39
4. Name the two types of religions in New England. 39-40
5. Did churchmen enjoy any special privilege in early America? 39
6. What did early colonials know by heart? 40
7. Where did religious authority lie for most Americans? 40
8. This personal religiosity caused what problem? 40
9. What replaced the Catholic Church in the 1520’s and 1530’s? 40
10. What is the dilemma of Protestantism? Use the questions on this page to answer this. 41
11. What did John Winthrop think liberty was? Use his quote on pgs. 41 &42 as guide. 41-42
12. How did Winthrop violate his own rules? 42
13. People want to live under _____ ___ _______ and not _____________. 42
14. Why was Winthrop thrown out? Who took his place? 42
15. How did early Americans want to handle dissenters? 43
16. What did Antinomians believe? What did Orthodox people believe? 43
17. Why is May 17^th, 1637 an important date in the history of American democracy? 43
18. Who won this election and what type of government did he employ? 43
19. What happened to Winthrop and what effect did this have on his colony? 43-44
20. Why did men turn on Winthrop in 1642? What did Winthrop do to them? 44
21. When was the last time Winthrop was elected governor? How did he lose the position this time? 45
22. Winthrop’s career raised issues that extend to the present time…what are they? 45
23. How do historians view John Winthrop? 45
24. Copy Winthrop’s political theory… 45-46
25. What are the needs of authority/the needs of liberty? 46
26. American land was a mystery…but what was known about it? How did this influence settlement? 46

Using Johnson; pgs. 46-55, answer the following:

1. Who was Roger Williams? How did he differ from Winthrop? 47
2. How was Williams different in his relations with Indians? 47
3. What did Williams think was unchristian? 47
4. What was Williams’ view of government and church role? 47-48
5. What happened to him in October 1635? 48
6. According to Williams, how did he survive this time (1635-1636)? 48
7. What did he name the land he got from the Indians? 48
8. Who was welcome there? 48
9. What did the Bay colonists call Williams’ colony? 48-49
10. What government did Williams favor? What did he think of religious freedom? 49
11. What did Williams think of violence? 49
12. How did Williams get religious freedom from the new king in 1663? 49-50
13. What colony was the first to allow religious freedom? 50
14. What did John Milton write in relation to this toleration? What was the pamphlet called? 50
15. Who was Anne Hutchinson? 50
16. Why do we not know a lot about her? 50-51
17. What documents tell about her? 51
18. How did she become interested in theology? 51
19. Why did she think women should participate in religious controversy? 51
20. What got her into trouble? 51
21. Why was Hutchinson’s theology a threat to the established ministers’ powers? 51-52
22. Who did not like Anne Hutchinson…what happened? 52
23. What was Anne Hutchinson’s fate? 52
24. What was the punishment in America for “heresy”? For adultery? 53
25. Why was the first college founded? 53
26. Where was it and what became its name? 53
27. How was Connecticut established? 54
28. How was New Hampshire established? 54
29. What advantages did the Puritans have that made them successful colonists? 54-55
30. Was their egalitarianism (equality) in America at the start? Explain your answer. 55
31. What happened to society as time went on? 55

Using Johnson; pgs. 55-61, answer the following:

1. Who was George Calvert? Who did he become? 55
2. Why didn’t Catholics settle in Newfoundland? 55
3. Why not Jamestown? 55
4. Where did the Catholics eventually settle? 55
5. What was their goal? 56
6. Father Andrew White wrote about…. 56
7. Maryland was ______________ compared to New England and Virginia. 56
8. Why didn’t feudalism work in America? 56-57
9. Who was William Claiborne? 57
10. How was land and labor distributed in Maryland? 57
11. Describe the process one would go through to own land in America…how did this process compare to Europe? 57-58
12. How did settlers who wanted to farm kill trees on their land? 58
13. What was family life like? 58
14. What was housing like? 58
15. Describe the lifespan and duties of early colonists… 58-59
16. Tobacco had what effect on the soil? What did farmers do about this? 59
17. Identify Richard Ungle? 59
18. Describe events that led to Maryland’s Toleration Act. 59
19. What principle was established by the law? 59-60
20. Toleration did not extend to what religious groups… 60
21. Who came to America because of this toleration? 60
22. Why did Maryland become a haven for the expelled? 60
23. What was the first Utopian Commune in America? 60-61
24. Describe the astonishing and delightful aspects of early colonization…61
25. What had to be offered to people before they would work? 61

Using Johnson; pgs. 61-79, answer the following:

1. Where did Puritan influence extend in North America? 61
2. What are the best claims to “Oldest street in America”? 61
3. Who were the non-English people in America? 61
4. What mattered more than the flag over the land? 62
5. How did the English come to control the West Indies? 62
6. What was produced there? 62
7. South Carolina did not become “feudal”…what did it become? 63
8. What product saved South Carolina? 63
9. The “essence” of Carolina was….. 63
10. How can we tell that the American Colonies were all very different from one another? 63-64
11. What two colonies best exemplified the “North-South” divide that continued until the Civil War? 64
12. How was America inherently different from England? 64
13. How was Philadelphia planned? Where did it actually grow? 64-65
14. How was Philadelphia different than Boston? 65
15. What happened to American “town planning”? 65
16. Where was the best “poor man’s country”? 65
17. What did immigrants have in early Pennsylvania? 66
18. What city became the cultural capital of America? 66
19. What did Philadelphia become the home of? 66
20. What was the interesting thing about American literature and social practices? 66-67
21. What continued to be an issue in America concerning government and individual freedom? 67
22. What became of individualism in Puritan America? 67
23. What warning was given to Europeans who came to America? 68
24. What did America provide for skilled laborers? 68
25. Why couldn’t they just stay in England? 68
26. What was plentiful for the American Craftsman? 68-69
27. What other crafts were ideally suited for the American Continent? 69
28. What was missing from America? 70
29. In what area was America ahead of Europe? 70
30. What was the “first statute of the realm?” 70
31. How long was England’s “political history”? 70
32. List things that allowed English America to take off…. 70-71
33. Explain Johnson’s “Law of Colonization”. 71
34. How much supervision was given to the colonies by the crown of England until the 1680’s? 71
35. What was the first thing English Colonists usually learned to do? 71
36. Summarize the first paragraph on page 72. 72
37. How did slavery come to be view differently by different groups of Christians? 72-73
38. Why was black slavery more economical than white indentured servitude? 73
39. Who was an early anti-slaver in Carolina and what did he write? 73-74
40. How did slavery in the 1600’s differ from slavery in the 1700’s? 74
41. What are “enumerated commodities” and what act listed them? 74
42. How did this act separate the North and the South? 74
43. How was the money system in America different than Europe’s? 75
44. What was the common view of paper money even at the start of its use? 75
45. What was the first publication in America and what did it say? 75-76
46. Who protected settlers from Indians on the frontier? 76
47. How was the description of the Piquot War in1637 different as recorded by Johnson than in the movie? 76
48. Who killed 350 settlers in 1644 near the James River? 76-77
49. Describe the difference between the Tidewater folk and the small inland farmers? 77
50. Describe how this led to Bacon’s Rebellion. 77-78
51. What did Bacon’s Rebellion show? 78
52. What was King Philip’s War over in 1676? 78
53. Why was King Philip unable to wipe out the Massachusetts Colony? 78-79
54. Who did not help the colonists in this conflict? 79
55. What happened to King Philip…or parts of him? 79

Using Johnson; pgs. 79-85, answer the following:

1. What did colonists think caused all the problems in America at the time of King Philip’s War? 79
2. Who was Sir Edmond Andros and why was he important? 79
3. Why was he hated in Boston? 79
4. What happened when Increase Mather traveled to England to negotiate the conflict between Andros and Bostonians? 80
5. Was witchcraft a new thing in America at this time? 80
6. What was different about this episode in Salem, Mass.? 80
7. How was religious intolerance to Salem witch hysteria? 80
8. When and how did the witch hunt start in Salem? 81
9. How did the “trials” become “outrageous”? 81
10. How did science contribute to the hysteria? 82
11. Describe the difference in points of view between Increase and Cotton Mather. 82
12. What put an end to the witch trials? 83
13. According to Johnson what does this serve as an example of? 83
14. What does he compare this situation in history to? 83
15. What positive things came out of this tragedy of American History? 83
16. What should we be careful of as a result of similar “hysterias”? 83
17. What was significant about Cotton Mather? What was tragic? 84-85
18. How was Ben Franklin different than Cotton Mather? How were they the same? 85

Using Johnson; pgs. 85-96, answer the following:

1. What were the Middle Colonies? 85
2. What is the frontier? What drove people there? 85-86
3. How long was cheap, good, free land available? 86
4. In what year did the frontier “close”? 86
5. What was the first “western state”? 86
6. What were the characteristics of “first class colonists”? 86
7. What did people do so they could start farming quickly? 87
8. What famous Americans came from folks who moved west at this time? 87
9. When did North Carolina separate from South Carolina? Why? 87
10. What did a “Royal Charter” mean? Did England protect colonists from Indians? 87-88
11. What other group (besides Indians) did white settlers have to fear? 88
12. Who was James Oglethorpe? What were his goals? 89
13. What happened to James Oglethorpe’s ban on slavery and rum? 89
14. What had happened to America by 1750? 90
15. What is land speculation? 90
16. How many people lived in the American colonies by 1750? 90
17. Ben Franklin said American population would _________ every _______ years. Did it? 90-91
18. What was the “Great Philadelphia Waggon Trail”? 91
19. What happened to English control from 1700-1750? 91
20. How was the quote on pg. 91 followed or not followed? 91
21. This doctrine was ______________ and ________________. 92
22. What could New England make much cheaper than Old England? 92
23. What other industry was encouraged by ship building? 92
24. What did local governors do to hide American manufacturing? 93
25. Ben Franklin said Americans made up for trade imbalance by…. 93
26. What did “entrepreneurial capitalism” do to mercantilism? 94
27. British officials were slow to judge… 94
28. How had America’s role in Britain’s economy changed from the early 1700’s to the late 1700’s? 94
29. What factors worked in America’s favor at this time? 94
30. What food helped Americans grow bigger and stronger that European cousins? 94-95
31. What “class” of Americans made America great? 95
32. In 1717 who was shipped to America? Was this a good thing? 95-96
33. Give examples of the bad that came of this. Who was blamed? 96
34. What began to happen to the way Americans viewed Britain? 96
35. How did Americans eat compared to Britons? Nutritionally speaking. 96

Using Johnson; pgs. 96-108, answer the following:

1. What were the two “major” cities in America? 96-97
2. What was special about them? 97
3. Why was New York so different from Canada? 97
4. What was John Peter Zenger famous for? 98
5. Who was America’s first newspaper publisher? 98
6. How was libel in America different from libel in England? 98
7. What was notable about the cities mentioned on page 98? 98
8. Where was the “Athens of America”? Why this name? 99
9. What happened in Baltimore from 1752-1772? 99
10. What was Baltimore known for? 99-100
11. What was the important part of colonial houses? 100
12. What was the main construction material for colonial housing? 100
13. How did Charles Ridgeley make his money? 100-01
14. What has become of the Ridgeley mansion? 101
15. An important part of the American homes were the __________ . 101
16. The men who lived in “American Palaces” would have served in what parts of English government? 101
17. Who helped them (the rich) run the country in America? 102
18. Why did the poor whites in America keep rich folks from “lording over them?” 102
19. How did American colonists eventually compare to Spanish and French colonists? 102
20. How did the English “get its colonies for nothing?” 102
21. What happened to England’s control during the 1760’s? 102-103
22. Why were governors in America ineffective? 103
23. Who controlled the governors from above?…below? 103-104
24. Who did the Crown back, the governors or colonists and Indians? 104
25. How did the Colonial legislatures (Burgesses) deal with governors? 104
26. What was an important difference between the English Parliament and Colonial legislatures? 104-05
27. What did all colonies have to guide government? 105
28. What did having a constitution do for a colony? 105
29. A written constitution is a _____________ point to __________________. 105
30. In 1688 a __________ ___________ monarchy was turned in to a ___________ _____________ monarchy. 105
31. What happened to “Lower Houses” of legislatures in America? 106
32. This happened in _________ _________. 106
33. What did governors do as a result of this trend? 106
34. What form of government was adopted by most Americans? 106-07
35. How was democracy in New England different from democracy in Virginia? 107
36. Which colonies’ lower houses became dominant first? 107
37. When did the last lower house become “all powerful”? 107-08
38. Why were Americans the “least taxed people on earth?” 108

Using Johnson; pgs. 108-117, answer the following:

1. List the 5 descriptions of America by the mid-18^th Century (1750’s) 108
2. What was happening to the “City on a Hill” idea? 108-09
3. What evidence was there that “Pious Philadelphia” had succumbed to secularism? 109
4. What was the “Great Awakening?” 109-10
5. How was this different than the first focus on religion in America? (Four differences) 110
6. How did this effect education? 110
7. Who was William Tennent? What was his contribution to the “Great Awakening?” 110
8. Who was Jonathan Edwards and how did his preaching change? 111
9. Give your favorite line from “Sinners in the hands of an Angry God.” 111
10. How did Edwards view the relationship between God and humans? 111-112
11. What was Edward’s feeling about freedom? 112
12. Summarize Edward’s theology as explained on pg. 112. 112
13. Why is this important in American History? 112
14. Name the men who were influenced by Edwards. What did they try to do? 113
15. Why was George Whitefield significant? 113
16. What did John Davenport want people to do? 113
17. Where did these men preach? 113
18. What effect did they have? 114
19. Where did reason and nature fit in to all of this? 114
20. Who established Unitarianism? 114
21. What did this trend start in America? 114-15
22. What did Edwards want to produce? 115
23. What did Americans start to “see?”
24. Edwards though the ultimate result of all this could be… 115-16
25. What did the “Great Awakening” make possible? 116
26. What five things gave religion an “American flavor?” 116
27. What did the “Great Awakening” do to alter America’s geographic boundaries? 116
28. How did John Adams link religion to the revolutionary spirit of the late 1700’s? 116
29. Explain the basic difference between the American Revolution and the French Revolution according to Johnson. 117

End Part I: Paul Johnson: A History of the American People

Part II: Paul Johnson: A History of the American People

‘That the Free Constitution Be Sacredly Maintained’: Revolutionary America, 1750-1850

Using Johnson; pgs. 121-127, answer the following:

1. Describe George Washington’s descendents. 121
2. What was his upbringing like? 121
3. Describe George Washington. 122
4. Describe Washington’s manners. 122
5. How was he educated? Compare this to an Englishmen’s. 122
6. What was he “driven” by? 122
7. What was and how did Washington define “interest”? 123
8. Who was Washington’s role model? 123
9. What was Washington’s marketable skill? 123
10. What was George Washington’s first military assignment? 123
11. What assignment was Washington given in 1754? What happened? 123-124
12. What started because of this? 124
13. What was this “global conflict” going to decide? 124
14. Why was France such a colonial rival of Britain? 124-125
15. Where did colonial claims in the “west” end? 125
16. Why would foreign colonials prefer Britain to France? 125
17. How did Britain fare at the outset of the French and Indian War? 126
18. What changed this? 126
19. What was the result of the Peace of Paris in 1763? 126-127

Using Johnson; pgs. 127-134, answer the following:

1. What happened in Britain as a result of this victory? 127
2. Who caused most of the trouble in? 127
3. Why did he cause trouble? 127
4. What type of men did the “boobies” in England face? 127-128 Name them!
5. What was the most important factor in great events of history? 128
6. What did the English Crown do to French Canadians? How did American Colonials feel about this? 128
7. Who did the English treat “delicately”? 128-129
8. What was the “Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763? 129
9. What was its effect? 129
10. Describe the “reality” of the line. 129-130
11. What did George Washington think? 130
12. Describe Washington’s opinion of Indians. 130
13. Was George Washington proud to be an Englishman at this time? 130
14. Why didn’t George Washington become a “Regular British Soldier”? 130-131
15. What happened to Washington’s attitude as a result of this? 131
16. What showed that Washington had become a “major landowner”? 131
17. Why was doing business in America easier than doing business in England? 131-132
18. What did Americans think of taxation? 132
19. Why did taxes go up? 132
20. What did George Grenville try to do to Americans? 132
21. What was the British attitude towards smuggling and refusal to pay taxes? 132
22. What was the Sugar Act and why was it important? 132-133
23. What did Ben Franklin think of it? Why? 133
24. What did Grenville come up with to make Americans pay as much tax as India? 133
25. Did the Sugar and Stamp Acts raise money for Britain? 133
26. What happened as a result of the Stamp Act? 133-134
27. What Act was passed instead? 134

Using Johnson; pgs. 134-143, answer the following:

1. Describe Ben Franklin. 134
2. Where was he born? 134
3. Describe his education. 134
4. What did Franklin’s brother write about titles of nobility? 134-135
5. He was the most successful ____________ in ____________. 135
6. What was Franklin’s library known for? 135
7. List the things Ben Franklin helped found. 135
8. What publication made Ben Franklin a national figure? 135
9. Its popularity compared to the _________________. 135
10. What problem “occupied him until the end of his life?” 136
11. What did he “find a curiosity and leave a science?” 136
12. What made him think of the American Continent as a “Unity”? 136
13. Describe Franklin’s view of land. 136-137
14. What did Franklin think American government should deal with?” 137
15. What would have been avoided if Franklin’s plan had been followed? 137
16. When did Franklin realize the huge “intellectual and constitutional gap” between America and Britain? 137
17. How did Americans, including Franklin, see America’s relations with England? 137-138
18. Name the Indian who ravaged the frontier in 1763. 138
19. Describe what Scotch-Irish frontiersmen from Paxson and Donegal did in 1763 138
20. What was taxed in 1737? Who did this? Describe the American response. 139
21. How did Regular British soldiers view Colonial Militias? 139
22. Why was America seen more and more as different from Britain? 139-140
23. What happened on March 3, 1770? Whose fault was it? 140
24. What war was America sure to win? 140
25. Who was the “Quintessential Bostonian” at this time? 141
26. Describe his background. 141
27. What was John Adams against that his cousin Samuel Adams was not? 141
28. Describe the reaction to the Tea Act. 141-142
29. Describe John Adams response to the Boston Tea Party. 142
30. Describe this events effects on the opinions of people on both sides of the Atlantic. 142
31. What did England do? Describe the Coercive Acts. 142-143
32. Name two things that were “intolerable” about these “acts”. 143

Using Johnson; pgs. 143-147, answer the following:

1. Who taught Thomas Jefferson? 143
2. List things Thomas Jefferson could do. 143
3. Who “brought out the best” in Jefferson? 143
4. Who considered Jefferson their “favorite hero?” 143-144
5. Why do historians think they know a lot about Jefferson? 144
6. List some of his “contradictions…..” 144
7. No one did more than Jefferson to …. 144
8. Describe how he seemed to be ”against his seal.” 145
9. Where did Jefferson meet Washington? 145
10. Who was Jefferson’s hero? 145
11. What gift did Jefferson lack? 145
12. Describe Jefferson’s most important quality. 145
13. What did Chapter 5 of Locke’s Second Treatise on Government say about how men should “rise?” 145
14. How did Jefferson win the ideological battle in the area of men’s rights? 146
15. How did “regular Americans” view this struggle? 146
16. How did bad economic times mesh with more British control? 146-147
17. How did Colonists and Continental’s view law? 147
18. What was the British Parliament trying to do to Americans? 147
19. Who dramatized the “poor Americans” subject to Britain? 147-148
20. What did Patrick Henry say about colonies and a nation? 148
21. What event helped Henry dramatize the moment? 148
22. What famous quote was uttered by Patrick Henry? 148
23. What was heard to be said from outside the window of the Virginia House of Burgesses? 149

Using Johnson; pgs. 147-158, answer the following:

1. What happened to Ben Franklin that drove the colonists farther from Britain? 149
2. What happened on April 19^th, 1775? 149
3. Compare John and Sam Adams response to these events. 149-150
4. There unanimity for ________________ between _______________, _______________, ______________, and _____________________. 150
5. How was Franklin convinced Independence was certain? 150
6. Describe the effect on the population of America when 150 Americans were killed. 150
7. What was needed in order for Britain to negotiate? 150-151
8. Why did Washington grow to not like the British? 151
9. Name the characteristics or features that made Washington the man to command the American Army. 151
10. Who was Washington’s only competition for the command? 151-152
11. Describe how Washington was more than a military leader. 152
12. Describe the “geographic strategy” of selecting Washington commander. 152
13. Why did King George III proclaim the colonies in “rebellion?” 152
14. Who was Thomas Paine and why was he important? 152-153
15. Describe Paine’s greatest strength. 153
16. Describe two things that added to the impact of Common Sense . 153
17. What did he call King George III? 153
18. It was the _____________________________________ ever published. 154
19. Describe the evolution of Independence. 154
20. Describe the evidence that the Continental Congress “knew what it was doing.” 154
21. Why was Jefferson the guy to write the document? 155
22. Describe the sentence that makes the reader “want to read on”. 155
23. How did Jefferson try to justify his claim of equality with slavery. 155-156
24. How long was the debate over the Declaration of Independence? 156
25. What is the document’s official name? 156
26. Copy Franklin’s quote at the signing? Was this original? 156
27. What did Edmund Burke think of England’s “abuse of power?”
28. What is the first thing the colonies had to do after the Declaration? How did this go? 157-158
29. What was “radical” about American governments? 158

Using Johnson; pgs. 158-167, answer the following:

1. What did the Continental Congress immediately have to do? 158
2. Name the framework for government in America from 1776-1789. 158
3. Describe Thomas Burke’s opinion of where government power should be located. 159
4. How does Johnson describe the Revolutionary War? 159
5. Evaluate Britain’s motivation to fight the Revolutionary War. 159
6. Washington’s record as a military commander was…. 159-160
7. Describe things that were happening in America as the Revolutionary War was being executed. 160
8. Evaluate Washington’s war fighting resources. 160
9. His personality could be described as… 160
10. Describe how Washington was viewed by his peers. 160-161
11. Why is this statement true: “British strategy made no sense.” 161
12. Why were the guesses made by British leaders mostly wrong? 161
13. List the British Generals…what was “absurd” about this? 161-162
14. Who was blamed for British shortcomings? 162
15. Describe the resources the British commanded. How could they possibly fail? 162
16. Washington frustrated the British plans for victory by… 162
17. What happened in Saratoga, New York? What effect did this have on the war? 163
18. Who helped America? Describe Ben Franklin’s role in this. 164
19. Evaluate the simplicity or lack of simplicity of Franklin’s French life. 164
20. Describe the French folks who supported America. 164
21. List the things we received from France. 164
22. Make a timeline of War events from 1778 (summer) until March of 1781. 164-65
23. Describe Cornwallis’ strategic mistake. 165
24. Who helped the colonists? (Specific Names!) 165
25. Cornwallis surrendered on ____________________________ because _______________________________. 165
26. Britain started the war ________________________________ and ended the war ___________________________________. 165
27. Describe the peace treaty arranged by ___________________________________. 166
28. What stopped France from invading England at this time? 166
29. Describe American-English relations after the Revolutionary War. 167
30. What “mysterious and long lived creature” is still with us today? 167

Using Johnson; pgs. 167-177, answer the following:

1. Describe the consequences of the outcome of the American Revolution in England and America. 167
2. Evaluate the effect this war had on mercantilism. 167
3. Describe the effect the war had on monarchies. 168
4. What was the fate of the French Aristocrats who helped America during the war? 168
5. Describe the effects of the revolution on the Indians. 168
6. Describe what happened to the “Great Proclamation.” 169
7. What was the war’s impact on the American slaves? 169
8. By what number and how did the population of slaves change in Virginia from 1755-1782? 169
9. What happened to the South’s economy after the Revolution? How did they “fix” this? 169
10. Describe Northern attitudes toward slavery after the War. 170
11. Describe five states’ efforts to get rid of slavery. 170
12. What state enacted the first emancipation law in American history? 170
13. Describe “three” groups of people in America during the Revolution. 171
14. Of these groups, who lost the most? 171
15. Give two specific examples of this. 171
16. Where were the “Loyalists” strongest? 171-172
17. Give three examples of ethnic “loyalty” or lack thereof and three examples of religious loyalty or lack thereof. 172
18. Did Loyalists have any “real” effect on the war? 172
19. Who “invented” lynching? 173
20. Where did most Loyalists go? 173-174
21. What did the war do to the American population? 174
22. Give three examples that illuminate the effect the war had on women. 174
23. What president was born during this time? Describe his early life. 174-175
24. What was his mother’s dying advice? 175
25. What American weaknesses were exposed during the Revolutionary War? 175-176
26. What did folks want George Washington to do after the War? 176
27. Describe Washington’s “retirement.” 176-177
28. Who was he imitating in this scene? 177

Using Johnson; pgs. 177-184, answer the following:

1. How easy was it for Americans to get rid of monarchy? 177
2. List the names given to “ordinary people” by “famous” Americans. 177
3. What made you a “gentleman” in New York? 177
4. Name the “most persuasive single characteristic” of America. 177
5. How could all acquire “the best”? 178
6. What titles were replaced by “citizen”? 178
7. All that is needed for ordinary people to become effective decision makers is ____________. 179
8. According to early Americans what needed to be taught—what should the focus of education be? 179
9. The military revolution was followed by a ___________________ one. 180
10. What started “executive government”? 180
11. Strong government is needed for what economic reason? 180
12. Who was Alexander Hamilton? 180-181
13. List his contributions to the American Revolution. 181
14. How did he help end the Revolution? 181
15. What did he demand from government? 181
16. How did Hamilton and Robert Morris want western land to be distributed? 181-182
17. What were the original names of the states that were formed in the West. 182
18. How did the Ordinance of 1784 provide for the admission of new states? 182
19. Describe the Land Ordinance of 1785… 182
20. Describe the Northwest Ordinance of 1787… 182
21. What effect did this preoccupation with western lands have on governmental strength? 182-183
22. List things states did to take power from the central government. 183
23. Describe James Madison… 183
24. Who was Philip Freneau? 183
25. What was his nickname? 183
26. What was Madison’s nickname? 183
27. Describe the times in which James Madison lived according to John Quincy Adams. 183-184
28. How did Madison describe the time? 184
29. Describe Madison’s view on the role of religion. 184
30. How did Jefferson and Madison come to know one another? 184

Using Johnson; pgs. 184-191, answer the following:

1. Describe how the first conference for nationalization of government evolved. 184-185
2. How did the Annapolis Convention build on this? 185
3. When did the Annapolis Convention take place? 185
4. Who invited the states to Philadelphia? For what reason? 185
5. Describe the plan of government proposed by Madison. 185
6. What was the most important Constitutional innovation since the Declaration of Independence? 185
7. The locus of power in our government switched from the __________________ to the __________________ in the U.S. 186
8. What did this allow Lincoln to do 80+ years later? 186
9. When did the Constitutional Convention end? 186
10. What type of man was present at the Convention? 186
11. According to Hamilton who was the “disinterested class” of men? 186
12. The Constitution ended up providing a “Nomiocracy” or a rule by ____________________. 187
13. What did the Federalists want? 187
14. Describe how these men of differing opinions came to consensus. 187
15. What was Shay’s Rebellion? 187
16. What effect did it have? 187-188
17. What was the first compromised issue at the Constitutional Convention? 188
18. What plan was accepted? 188
19. The second compromise involved the question of ____________________________. 188
20. What was the 3/5’s rule/compromise?
21. What other two rules were made about slavery?
22. The third compromise involved ________________________________. 189
23. The President could be strong but wasn’t until ______________________________. 189
24. How much power could the President have if He/She wanted according to Johnson?
25. According to Johnson, America’s experience in constitution making should be ______________________ instead of _________________________. 189-190
26. What has happened to most countries that have attempted to set up a self governing system? Why? Pg 189

Using Johnson; pgs. 191-194, answer the following: Ratification Debate

1. How many States were needed for Ratification?
2. What was the first step in Article VII to ratify the Constitution proposed in September of 1787?
3. What are the four step in the Ratification process?
4. What made the process “fast acting?”
5. What is the advantage and what is the disadvantage of majority rule?
6. How was the political debate a form of information in itself?
7. Who were the Federalists led by?
8. What was the most popular publication on the Federalist side?
9. Why did the Federalists have the early advantage?
10. Who wrote the letters of “Brutus?”
11. What was the major problem during the war?
12. Who wrote the “Federalist?”
13. What was John Jay’s address to the people of New York and what effect did it have?
14. Who “saved” America when we had “small government?”

Using Johnson; pgs. 194-204, answer the following: Electioneering in the New Republic

1. Why did it take so long to ratify the Constitution?
2. What idea about rights did Hamilton agree on and where else was it most popular?
3. What precedents did state Constitutions set?
4. Who wrote the drafts of the first 10 Amendments?
5. What are 5 examples of rights and freedoms that the Bill of Rights protects?
6. What did Hamilton find to be disgraceful?
7. Why did Ben Franklin think that government officials should not be paid?
8. How much money did a member of Congress make per day?
9. Who fathered the idea that the House of Representatives should represent the people and the Senate should represent the states?
10. Which state was last in ratifying the Constitution? Why do you think this was so?

Using Johnson; pgs. 204-211, answer the following (Religion of the Founders):

Using Johnson; pgs. 211-222, answer the following:

1. How was Washington elected?

2. Where did the permanent government of the new nation begin?

3. Who was the first secretary of the Treasury?

4. In 1775 Congress authorized an issue of bills of credit “Continentals” to pay for the Revolutionary war…how much $ did they authorize?

5. What is inflation?

6. What was Hamilton’s plan submitted to Congress in 1790 called?

7. What was the debt down to by 1811?

8. Name the next three reports submitted by Hamilton.

9. What did Hamilton want to tax? Who did this enrage?

10. Who was the main opponent of the Bank?

11. Jefferson trusted governmental power to the __________________. Why?

12. What was the relationship between rural and urban Americans at this time?

13. By 1790 Jefferson had done what he said he would never want to do….what was it?

14. Hamilton thought he was born in 1757…when was he really born? Why the confusion?

15. Hamilton wanted Senators to serve for how long?

16. According to Johnson, Hamilton was the only Founding Father fully entitled to the title ____________.

17. Confusingly the Democratic party was originally known as the _____________________ party.

18. How did Washington think governmental power should be distributed?

19. What was Washington’s first address in NYC? What happened here?

20. How old was Washington when he became President?

FIB-TF

1. The Antifederalists did not oppose __________________ for president.
2. ______________was the first Sec. of the Treasury.
3. Hamilton was killed in ______________.
4. Hamilton Proposed in 1791 a tax on ___________________.
5. The first National Bank in the US opened in_________________.
6. Jefferson thought the US would flourish only if the balance of government power was held by _______________________ and _______________________.
7. Most of what Hamilton proposed inflamed ___________________ because of past desputes.
8. ________________________was the first Secretary of State.
9. Hamilton wanted a permanent _________________________.
10. Hamilton ____________________ pure democracy.
11. The early 1790’s were, in a sense, the end of _____________________.
12. The first shocking awareness of personal corruption is from the diaries of ________________________.
13. The United States was compared to a __________________________ by Johnson.
14. The Cabinet meetings had no legal or Constitutional standing. T or F

Read Johnson; pgs. 222-230, note the following.

1. Even though the dream Washington had of a government without ____ or ______ was not realized--his presidency ________ much—even in its first term.
2. Washington wanted to be done—quit after his first term ended in 1793—but was convinced to run again by _________________________.
3. Washington hated the politics of leading—he hated the _______________ criticizing him. Jefferson had a reporter/publisher write horrible things about Washington in the National Gazette—_____________(name). His writings enraged _____________.
4. America’s stance in international affairs harassed Washington more than any other issue in his presidency. Question—where do we stand on France’s Revolution?
5. France’s representative Citizen Genet. Obnoxious guy—ugly. Wanted and expected America to be on the side of __________________—and then help the Revolutionaries in a war with _____________________.
6. Genet and _____________ thought America should naturally support ___________. Since America had thrown off the British King and the French people had thrown off the French King—we were “brothers” in ________________.
7. Washington did not see it this way—he did not like ________________ He did not like the ____________________—way too violent and irreligious.
8. Eventually Genet tries to recruit Americans to serve in the ______________________ and this leads Washington to call for him to _____________.
9. The end comes when folks in France turn on Genet—and want to cut his head off. He is abandoned by his friend Jefferson, but Washington allows him to stay in ___________________—marry an American woman and eventually died in ____________________—never to return to France.
10. Washington’s presidency accomplished many things: a.) ___________________________; b.) ___________________________; c.) _____________________________________________; d.) __________________________; e.) ____________________________.
11. Jay’s Treaty with England and Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain—kept the peace and were very beneficial to American trade. Also allowed for smooth expansion to the western ______________________.
12. Big things were getting done in America—______,_________,__________and ____________ were becoming more and more common—and America was emerging into a self sufficient/independent nation that was the dream of all the Founders.
13. Farewell Address: ____________, ______________ and the reality of America being anything but a state which relied on “morality and Religion”. Question can morality be maintained without religion? According to Washington what is the answer?
14. Washington’s instruction to absolutely obey the ________________________. Requirement of the ________________to obey the ______________.

Read Johnson; pgs. 230-235, Answer the following.

1. What particular Constitutional issue still needed to be fleshed out when Washington retired?
2. What made Adams a bad choice as president?
3. What made him a good choice?
4. What did Abigail Adams call Hamilton? Why?
5. What was the major issue in Adams presidency?
6. How did Jefferson and Hamilton differ from Adams on the subject of neutrality?
7. Describe Adams’ biggest strength. How could this also be a weakness?
8. What is “ideology” and what did Adams think of it?
9. Why did Adams hate the word democracy?
10. What type of government did he prefer?
11. Describe the attitude towards progress and science that was constantly in conflict inside Adams.
12. What did the early presidents think of going to the National Capital to live? Why did they feel this way?
13. Describe the Washington that John and Abigail Adams occupied.
14. According to Johnson what appointment of Adams was most important? Why?
15. How long did this man serve? (To which president?)
16. Who were Charles-Maurice Tallyrand and the X, Y, Z agents? Why were they important?

235-239 John Marshall

239-241 Federalism Defined

241-245 Jefferson ambivalent rule and character

245-248 Jefferson the Architect—Monticello

Read Johnson; pgs. 248-257, Answer the following.

1. List some of Jefferson’s early economic successes.
2. What did Jefferson get rid of?
3. What was the most remarkable thing about Jefferson’s “habits”?
4. Why was this a boon (good thing) for historians?
5. List three examples of things written to Jefferson.
6. Who was Aaron Burr? Make a Four-event timeline about his political life.
7. Why were folks scheming to make a new country? Where were they planning on doing this?
8. Burr was charged with treason. What happened in his trial? Why didn’t Jefferson testify?
9. How did Jefferson deal with the Barbary pirates? How was this different from Adams and Washington?
10. What song came from these events?
11. What did America want when it was offered Louisiana? What was offered? How much?
12. Why is this an example of Jefferson contradicting himself?
13. Did Jefferson know he was “breaking the Constitution?”
14. How do we know this?
15. What did he do next? Who are Lewis and Clark?
16. What did they find? Was the “Great American Desert” worth the price?
17. How did Jefferson handle the difficulties with France and Britain?
18. What were the problems?
19. Did the embargo help or hurt America?
20. List three examples of letters from Americans concerning this matter.
21. How was Jefferson’s attitude when he left office? How did this compare to Washington and Adams?

Read Johnson; pgs. 257-267, Answer the following.

1. What did Madison study all of his life?
2. What did Madison look like?
3. What paper did he write? How many?
4. How many blacks equated to one electoral vote?
5. What was Madison’s attitude towards war?
6. What event took place on June 18,1812?
7. What was the Quebec Act and how did it affect the United States?
8. Whose side did New England take at the beginning of the war?
9. Why did some soldiers refuse to cross their state borders?
10. What was the strongest part of the American military?
11. Who was instrumental in providing the military with new technology?
12. What Yankee inventor was in charge of building a submarine?
13. Why did Robert Fulton hate the Royal British Navy?
14. What did the British do when they learned of America’s attack on Canada?
15. What did the British people think of the war?
16. Did James Monroe agree with Madison about the attack on Canada?
17. How many troops were defending Washington? Was that enough?
18. What was a new weapon devised by Britain?
19. What happened on Wednesday, August 24, 1812?
20. What did Dolly Madison save from the fire? Where did she go?

Read Johnson; pgs. 424-435, Answer the following.

1. What good came out of the Compromise of 1850?
2. Where was Franklin Pierce born?
3. How did Nathaniel Hawthorne view women? What did he hate?
4. Who ran against Pierce in the election? What year was it?
5. What was the Gadsden Purchase and whose idea was it?
6. Why did the South want Cuba?
7. What was the Compromise of 1820 or Missouri Compromise?
8. Who was James Polk’s Secretary of State that had been a leading mover in acquiring Texas?
9. When did the Kansas-Nebraska Act pass? Why did Stephen Douglas want this law?
10. What did this law do to the Whig Party?
11. What land purchase had an important bearing on the land strategy of the South?
12. What were “Beecher’s Bibles”? Who was Henry Ward Beecher?
13. In what way did the Dred Scott decision give the South hope?
14. How was the slavery question to be decided in the context of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
15. What was the Republican slogan for John Fremont?
16. Why did people in the south want to reopen the international slave trade that was closed in ___________?
17. What two states entered the Union in 1858 and 1859? What did this do to the “balance” of free and slave states?
18. What happened to slavery as the price of slaves continued to grow?
19. How did the slave population in Virginia change in the mid-1800’s? Why did this happen?
20. Why did poor whites fear blacks more than rich whites?
21. Other than slavery what were some other issues that divided the North and the South?

Read Johnson; pgs. 435-441, Answer the following.

1. Describe young Lincoln’s family.
2. How was Lincoln considered “exceptional”?
3. How was Lincoln educated?
4. Describe the start of Lincoln’s political career.
5. What was Abe Lincoln’s health like?
6. Describe Lincoln’s attitude towards “Indians”.
7. Who was Lincoln’s first love?
8. Why then did he marry Mary Todd?
9. What was their relationship like?
10. Describe Lincoln’s desire to marry Mary Todd?
11. How many children did they have?
12. What was the first law Lincoln drafted?
13. Describe Lincoln’s religious beliefs.
14. What was at the core of Lincoln’s dislike of slavery?
15. How did Lincoln typically keep track of things?

Read Johnson; pgs. 442-454, Answer the following.

1. What did Lincoln’s strategy speech and Bloomington speech represent?
2. Why was the country moving into “crisis” at this time?
3. What did Lincoln say about the country’s ability to have differing viewpoints on Slavery?
4. What were the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
5. What did the Senatorial Debates between Lincoln and Douglas do for Lincoln?
6. What did Lincoln say about Douglas?
7. Why did people oppose Lincoln’s presidential aspirations?
8. Who were thought to be better presidential candidates than Abe Lincoln? Why?
9. Why is Lincoln’s Cooper Union speech considered significant?
10. Who founded the Liberator and what was its motto?
11. Who were three well known conductors on the “Underground Railroad”?
12. Why did people “applaud” John Brown?
13. Why was John Brown hanged?
14. Describe Jefferson Davis.
15. Who did he trace his politics back to?
16. How was Davis described by General Bliss?

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