JUSH Second
Semester
3rd Nine Weeks
OUR Lessons:
Go To:
JUSH
Our Online Course Materials Cloud
History Channel: This
Day In History
Lecture Points: Lecture points
American Pagaent
13th Edition Notes
My Civil War Unit—Civil War
E-Texts
JUSH
Jan 5, A1 & A3
Jan 6, B4
Questions for today…
Why was it important that the
French help
Who was Benedict Arnold and
what did he decide to do?
What did the Americans get
out of the Treaty of Paris and how did
What was the decision on the
slaves who had escaped during the fighting?
Opener: Read in Schweikert pgs. 83-87
do the following questions
in groups…
1 Trust the
French (pg. 83-84)
1. What were the French waiting
for before they would help the Americans?
2. What did Louis XVI supply
Americans with?
3. What did the Americans need
besides men and money from the French?
4. Who was the best negotiator
with the French?
5. Why was he the best?
6. Why did
7. What is diplomatic ineptitude
and how did
2 Southern
Invasion, Northern Betrayal (pg. 84-86)
1. Who were the Tories and where
were most of them living?
2. Who was Benedict Arnold? Who was John Andre?
3. What could have happened to
4. What were the Patriots trying
to do to the British Army?
5. Who was the “financier of the
Revolution”?
6. What did the Americans look
like compared to the French?
7. When did Cornwallis
surrender? What did his men do? What song was played?
8. Of 50,000 British troops who participated
in the War, how many were lost?
9. What was
3 The Treaty of
1. Who negotiated the peace for
the Americans?
2. What did the Treaty of Paris
1783 do besides end the Revolutionary War?
3. What did the French get out of
the Treaty?
4. What was the hardest point to
deal with in
5. What was to be done about
escaped slaves?
1 ID’S John Paul Jones, Jean-Baptisete d’Estaing, Silas Deane, Arthur Lee, Louis Berthier, Marquis de LaFayette
2 ID’S John Andre, Henry
Clinton, Peggy Shippen, Daniel Morgan, Nathaniel
Green, Joseph de Grasse
3 ID’S John Adams, John Jay,
Benjamin Franklin, Richard Oswald, French foreign minister Vergnnes
If time remains:
Lecture on factors that
ended the Revolution
OR
JUSH
Jan 9, A1 A3
Jan 10, B4
Go over answers from last
period questions. Answers
Do the Timeline on Pg. 88 in
Schweikert to introduce Chapter 4 A Nation of Law, 1776-89
JUSH
Jan 11, A1 A3
Jan 12, B4
Write the following timeline into your notes
3-3 Notes
A Nation of Law, 1776-1789
1776:
Declaration of
1777: Articles of
Confederation (Congress adopts, but states do not
finish ratifying until 1781); Articles
of Confederation ratified; Congress establishes the Bank of North America
1783: Treaty of
1784: Ordinance of 1784
1785: Land Ordinance of 1785
1786: Jay-Gardoqui
Treaty rejected; Virginia Religious Freedom Act; Shay’s Rebellion; Indian Ordinance of 1786; Annapolis
Convention
1787: Constitutional
Convention in
1788; Constitution ratified
by all states except
1789: New government formed;
George Washington sworn in;
Objectives Topic 9--The Confederation and the
Constitution 1776-1790
Lecture
notes:
The American
Founding—Founding Period
Most people of intelligence
focused their intellectual energy on government and constitution making…like
the obsession with technology that we have today
Enlightenment Ideas
o
Using reason to
figure things out rather than superstition.
o
People could
figure out things for themselves...science.
o
People should be
free to think for themselves
Renaissance
o
Rebirth--1300AD/1400AD
o
Before this time
superstition/religion used to explain everything
Reason
From
opportunity of beginning government anew from the
foundation"
American Founding
Question
Do we need government?
Socrates
470BC to 399BC asks the same question
JUSH
Jan 13, A1 A3
Jan 17, B4 Jan. 16—Martin Luther King Day
Opener: Schweikert questions…Set #18
Inventing
ML King Day activities:
In 1950's
Martin Luther King, Jr.,
a Baptist minister, was a driving force in the push for racial equality in the
1950's and the 1960's. In 1963, King and his staff focused on
Thrust into the national
spotlight in
King's appearance was the
last of the event; the closing speech was carried live on major television
networks. On the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, King evoked the name of
The following is the
exact text of the spoken speech, transcribed from recordings.
ML King Dream Speech Text Word Copy of
Speech
Absent take following notes:
Back to Mr. Schweikert:
“Critical Period”
How would the new country be organized and ruled?
We did not want our own King…some thought
good king…but no…we wanted something different.
Many people thought that the STATE Governments would
do an adequate
job of governing us in the absence of the British.
This was natural as most folks at this time thought
their STATE was their
Country.
Ben Franklin when representing
representing American States while waiting to meet
with French Ambassador.
Founding how did we come up with this unique form of
government where
we do not have anyone “in charge”…we do not trust
anyone with governmental
power…the President of the
his/her own?
People at the time of the Founding had no use for far
off governments…whether that government was in
JUSH
Jan 18, A1 A3
Jan 19, B4
Next: Start of a new nation---Articles of
Confederation
Revolution Lecture
20 Confederation
Open American Odyssey to page.
72…write three sentences about the main idea of that story about John Adams.
3-5 notes
What’s
the difference between a John Adams and a Jane Addams?
o
State
Constitutions were being written prior to our even declaring
independence from
o
Each
colony should adopt a new government cutting out the stuff about Great
Britain/England being in ultimate control
o
Drafting
individual state constitutions provided practice for making the national
constitution in 1787.
o
The
idea that ordinary citizens could plan their own governments and draft written
constitutions and vote their approval of self government was new and daunting
Constitution making to early Americans was
the equivalent of winning the Super Bowl…to educated people and believe it or
not, not so educated people…the idea of governing ourselves was very
exciting…and S.C. doing this before we all agreed to declare independence
(April/July 1776).
Excited to start with a clean slate.
Safety (free from injury, attack or
murder) and happiness
John Adams thought that each state should
make a government that shall best result in ... "the happiness and safety
of their constituents
(citizen represented by government)...and
Happiness is going to be an important
thing in the founding of
How to achieve happiness? Lets use reason...have a government in each
state...close to the
people...local government
is the best.
What the founders wanted was
representation and government by people we shop, work and eat with.
Americans become experts at creating government...Constitution Writing becomes a primary
concern for early Americans...1st they write state constitutions...this
leads them to write a national constitution.
We are responsible to come up with the
best way to govern…should we have one big government…several small governments…what
would be the best way to organize ourselves?
What kind of government is or would be the
best?
Enlightenment—argument—King—we had experience with a King.
Why would a Hereditary Monarchy be or not
be a good government?
Any
“monarch” is just a man/woman.
If men were angels no government would be
necessary!
Men are not angels so who should rule?
Make laws (Legislature)
Enforce laws (Executive)
Interpret laws (Judicial)
Who should do these things? No one person or group.
We can’t trust one person or group to do
these three things.
Power corrupts…absolute power corrupts
absolutely.
Montesquieu, and enlightenment thinker who
said…split up governmental power.
Are we going to have one big
government...several small governments...what would be the best way to organize
ourselves...because we have a "clean slate"...after Breaking
from
All people could be capable of
ruling...maybe people could rule themselves.
Problems with hereditary monarchy...maybe
you get a jerk for a King or Queen...or maybe you have a wonderful, fair and
honest King...and his son is an idiot...or maybe a King starts out as honest
and fair and just but as he realizes his power he gets more and more
greedy...power hungry and unfair...because he his just a person.
Never allow anyone to have absolute power!
Each branch would do its function--that
would be its main job, but each branch would share the other branches'
functions.
Give examples of benevolent rules and
non-benevolent rulers.
Articles of Confedeartion-the Critical
Period Vocab Chart (Nassivera)
Governments
are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of
the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of
these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to
institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to
effect their Safety and Happiness. The Declaration of In monarchies the crime of treason and
rebellion may admit of being pardoned or lightly punished but the man who dares rebel against the laws of a republic ought to
suffer death. Are
your people mad? George Washington to a
friend in “What
signify a few lives lost in a century or two? The tree of liberty must be
refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is
its natural manure.” Thomas Jefferson
(November1787) “Our new Constitution is now
established, and has an appearance that promises permanency; but in this
world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.” Benjamin
Franklin (November 13, 1789)
Samuel
Adams (September 1786)
Absent copy above notes.
JUSH
Jan 20, A1 A3
Jan 23, B4
Watch 1st 20
minutes of episode 1 Harvard Justice
with Michael Sandel
Articles
of Confederation Strengths and Weaknesses Power Point
10 Days that Unexpectedly
Changed America: Shay’s Rebellion (:57 5:25)
Opener:
3-6 Notes
Articles of Confederation—Our
“First Government” (After Declaring
What did the Articles of Confederation do well?
o
It executed and
won a War against
o
Brought the
states together…like a treaty bringing separate countries together to work for
common goals
o
Organized the
Western lands…The problem was that some states had land claims all the way to
the Pacific ocean…other states were “land locked”…the states with lots of land
would of course be wealthier than the states who were locked in because they
could sell their lands…The land ordinance said that new states would be created
out of the new lands…these states would have the same standing as the
“original” 13 states!
o
The states ceded
their claims to the lands west of the
o
This helped forge
a feeling of national unity and congress under the Articles enacted laws to organize
the western territories and admit new states on an equal footing with the
original states.
o
These 5 new
states would not have slavery in them.
The Northwest Ordinance 1787 was an early law that limited slavery and formed
5 new states…compromise on slavery…slavery OK below the Ohio River…Slavery not
OK above the
o
Run the post
office…this is the service
o
It held the
states together until the Constitution was written.
o
The Articles
successfully negotiated a peace with
o
Congressional
departments of Foreign Affairs, War, Marine, and Treasury were established,
each under a secretary.
o
This set the
precedent for the creation of the executive cabinets under the Constitution.
o
The Articles also
encouraged cooperation among the states. Though not always successful, the
Articles provided that each state give "full faith and credit"
to the legal acts of the other states.
o
To declare war
and make peace.
o
Limited ability
to coin and borrow money…the stats could do this also
o
To detail with
foreign countries and sign treaties
What did the Articles of Confederation do poorly?
o
Get things
done…needed all the states 13/13 to agree to change (make amendments
to) the Articles of Confederation…7/13 a general law...9/13 to
pass a tax or spend law!
o
Raise
money…people had revolted against
o
Must pay
debts…Revolution was paid for on borrowed money…borrowed from Americans
and foreign countries.
o
How is American
government going to pay this back without taxing?
o
Under the Articles
the Confederation Congress could only ask for money from
the states…states could refuse to contribute!
o
No money…no
country! Lots of people the government
owed money to were Americans (soldiers and suppliers) these people wanted to be
paid and when they were not they got upset.
o
The national
government could not force the states to obey its laws.
o
It did not have
the power to tax
o
It did not have
the power to enforce laws
o
Congress lacked
strong and steady leadership
o
There was no
national army or navy
o
here was no
system of national courts
o
Each state could
issue its own paper money
o
Each state could
put tariffs on trade between states. (A tariff is a tax on goods coming in from
another state or country.)
The Articles of Confederation are our first
government…after Declaring Independence!
JUSH
Jan 24, A1 A3
Jan 25, B4
Opener:
American Odyssey; Read pgs. 73 to 75 do numbers 2 and 4 on page 76
Finish movie 10 Days that
Unexpectedly Changed America: Shay’s
Rebellion (Left off at “A Civil War Looms”)
3-7 Notes
Shay’s Rebellion…
What was it?
Was Daniel Shay’s a good guy or a bad guy? Why do you say this?
What was he “Rebelling” about?
Did he deserve the death penalty?
What did he deserve?
Daniel Shays got upset---he was
a veteran of the Revolution who fought for IOUS/worthless money.
Shay’s
Rebellion
o
Daniel
Shays is a good guy—Rev War Veteran fought for American Independence
o
Was in
the Army and got paid in script…IOUs
o
Govt.
owes farmers money…it cant pay
o
Farmers
owe banks money…they cant pay
o
Farmers
will go to jail…nothing happens to the government
o
Articles
of Confederation cant pay
o
Shays
has no money!
o
Shays
and the soldier/farmers decide to
1. Close courts
2. March on and
burn
o
This is
anarchy…proof that Americans can not govern themselves
o
Worries
Henry Knox (
o
Send
his worries to George Washington
o
Sam
Adams sends an Army out of
o
450
tons of stores in the Armory at
o
Something
had to be done to strengthen the Central Government
o
Leads
to the Constitutional Convention
The American Revolution by historical standards was not
THAT revolutionary.
The entire social structure did not change.
Revolution entails radical or total change.
During the “Revolutionary Period”—life went on as
usual—people got married, people
went to work, people went to church and people played.
Life went on as usual and most “Americans” did not know a
war was going on.
Three countries born from our Revolution—
Self government—republicanism—was the most important
outcome of the revolutionary
period.
The first thing we had to do after the DOI was make
independent (of
This is
How we get to be “
George
Washington’s reaction to Shay’s Rebellion:
http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/person.do?shortName=george_washington
Henry
Knox Reaction to Shay’s Rebellion:
http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/person.do?shortName=henry_knox
More Shay’s Rebellion
questions
1. What did GW do after the Revolution—what did
people think of this?
2. How were debtors treated in
3. What did Shays and his followers intend to do
about it?
4. How close did Shays and his followers come to
succeeding?
5. What came about as a result of the rebellion?
6. What eventually happened to Daniel Shays?
Next: 1787
Constitutional Convention (A New Government is put into place)
Lincoln
and the South
(Image Source: Wikimedia Commons--public domain)
Question 0111142:
A practical expression of President.
(A) his
Ten Percent Plan which would have allowed easy re-entry of Southern states into
the Union
(B) his choice of Andrew Johnson as a
vice-president in 1864
(C) his appointment of generals like Grant
and Sherman who were willing to enact heavy losses on the enemy during the
Civil War
(D) the prosecution of Commander Wirtz of the Andersonville Prison in Georgia
(E) his removal of Gen. McClellan as
commanding general
JUSH
Jan 26, A1 A3
Jan 27, B4
Opener:
Evaluation
on first three weeks
After completion do the Schweikert
Questions set #19
Letters of George Washington
and Henry Knox concerning Shay’s Rebellion
Knox: http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/person.do?shortName=henry_knox
GW: http://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/collection/pre-pres_1787feb25.html
a1
JUSH
Jan. 30, A1 A3
Jan. 31, B4
What do these have to do with
the founding era?
Today’s Notes:
3-9 Notes
Source: The
Confederation and the Constitution (9)
Shays’ Rebellion result: 1787 Constitutional Convention
(A New Government is put into place)
Shays was owed money by the
govt. and he owed money to a bank.
When he asked the govt. for money they said “sorry”
don’t have any to give you…when Shays gave the same response to the bank…he was
threatened with jail and repossession…injustice!
Threat of Anarchy—no government, every person
for themselves.
Can people rule themselves?
Constitution has been in
place for 223 years…Inauguration Day March 1789 to January 2012.
Meeting that came about as a result of the concern over Shay’s Rebellion
Shay’s Rebellion—evidence that our ability to “rule
ourselves” is lacking
1st attempt is the
Annapolis (MD) convention…9 of 13 states say they will come, only 5 states come
to the convention…not enough to matter.
Alexander Hamilton—he is a man that believes in STRONG government
Notes on the Federal
Convention—
Federalist Papers—Madison, Hamilton and John Jay—
Federalists were
folks who were for the Constitution
Anti-Federalists
were folks who were against the Constitution
Proof that men/women need kings or dictators to tell us
what to do
Shaysites (poor) marching on
Poor men going to burn down
A3
This is the very definition of anarchy…through history this is what
happened when men ruled themselves.
This is no way to live---
Democracy—if people are only concerned with how much money
they have poor will gang up on the rich and the rich will use what they have to
protect their stuff.
Important people who fought for our freedom do not want
this to happen.
Reason this is happening:
Article of
Confederation—inadequate for American self government.
Historically—when governments change (revolution)—there is
bloodshed!
In
Confederation being replaced by the Constitution without a
fight!
Thomas Jefferson:
“This example of changing the
constitution by assembling wise men (people) of the state, instead of
assembling armies, will be
worth as much to the world as the former examples we have given it.”
This is the guy that wrote “All Men Are Created Equal”
·
Meeting in
·
This ends up
being the most important meeting in American History
·
The Constitutional
Convention
·
Meeting where the
“ideals” of the Declaration of Independence are matched with a government.
·
Declaration is
the “Apple of Gold”…Constitution is the “Frame of Silver”
·
With the threat
of anarchy posed by Shays Rebellion—
·
We should have a
meeting at
o
How to pay our
debts? To Americans, to
·
Few states sent
delegates to this meeting (not enough to get anything done) (no quorum)
o
People were suspicious that the men who wanted change were going to go
for a stronger central government
o
Also they were afraid that large states were going to try to get more
power over small states
·
Alexander
Hamilton…guy who said we better do something or our experiment in self
government will fail.
·
12 states send
delegates to
·
55 Men—rich,
educated, leaders in their states, property holders, white, Protestant…does
this demographic mean they are going to set up a system that is favorable
to them?
·
Is this really a
problem? Charles Beard and Howard Zinn
(historians) say yes!
·
Question
comes—should we be a “gathering of states” (confederation) or a
“nation”…federation…a republic?
·
What is the
vision of
·
Meeting in Philly
starts in May of 1787—becomes the Constitutional Convention.
JUSH
Feb. 1, A1 A3
Feb. 2, B4
Notebook
Matching Activity Confederation to Constitution
Match these
with the words from last time!
3-10 Notes
“This example of changing the
constitution by assembling wise men (people) of the state, instead of
assembling armies, will be
worth as much to the world as the former examples we have given it.”
This is the guy that wrote “All Men Are Created Equal”
·
Original goal fix
the Articles of Confederation.
·
First order of
business “Articles too broke to fix” Virginians (James Madison (MIP) and friends)…in a
bar before the Convention starts…We need to start over! This is illegal (coup).
·
55 men (assembly
of demigods)/12 states (
·
Nationalists—Young—Washington
and Franklin famous—
·
What was their
motivation? What were they trying to do?
·
Factions (groups)
develop—between who? Nationalists and “Statists”
·
Do we want a
strong Government in
·
Who (what job
best prepares one) should govern?
Lawyers?
Group that met in
Most distinguished group of
men in the history of
Washington, Hamilton, Franklin,
What they accomplish in
Philly is nothing short of a miracle…Miracle at
What happened in
Americans…love
government…very good at Constitution
Writing
Want things on paper
Mechanics of Compromise
o
No state always
of the winning side and no state always on the losing side of the votes
o
Virginia Plan
adopted…James Madison’s idea
o
He is the “author
of the United States Constitution”
Three Compromises
The First problem:
How are states to be
represented in the federal (central) government?
o
Virginia Plan vs.
o
o
o
o
Alexis de
Tocqueville—with recurring elections—they are not that big of a deal.
o
This encourages
patience and not violence.
o
Always running
for office. Accountable to us!
o
Factions—groups of people with different ideas. Nationalists/Statists. Farmers/City merchants. Addresses in Federalist Number 10.
o
Slaveholders/Free-soilers. Big states
(
o
Compromise—give something up to get something done…settling for
a piece of success instead of total victory…this is the dangerous situation we
face today.
The next problem; how to
count slaves?
o
Not if there
should be slaves—there was going to be slaves
o
Are blacks people/citizens
or are they things/property?
o
If we are
counting property for representation can’t northerners count their domesticated
animals?
o
The dilemma of
slavery is at the forefront of the American debate…1789-1860
o
Do northern
states have to return escaped slaves?
o
Free blacks can’t
get off ships in the south for fear that they would be re-enslaved.
Why are our founders so vague
about slavery?
o
Free them in
1619—who does the work?
o
Free them in
1776—we lose the war
o
Free them in
1789—no country the Southern States leave the union then and not 1860
How to Choose the
President?
o
Many thought the
people too ignorant and disinterested to do it
o
Did not want to
give the states too much power (State Legislatures)
o
Compromise is the
National election by all citizens…tempered by the electoral college system…each
state gets special electors the number depending upon the number of
Representatives and Senators in Congress from a given state
The last and BIGGEST
problem—what was going to “secure individual rights?”
o
Let the
Constitution work like it was designed (
o
Write the
rights down! Most Anti-Feds said if this was done…they
would support the Constitution
o
Every state government
has a “Bill of Rights”…sometimes right at the beginning of the document
Patrick Henry Against the
Constitution
http://www.redhill.org/speeches/wethepeople.htm
http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa15.htm
JUSH
Feb. 3, A1 A3
Feb. 6, B4
Opener—Study for quiz
Quiz on the Topic 9 matching
After
quiz: Do American Odyssey
worksheet Chapter 4 Section 1 Confederation to Constitution
Catch up with: Power point 9
A Good Start
George Washington’s Rules of Civility
http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/manners/rules2.cfm
Day 12
JUSH
Feb. 7, A1 A3
Feb. 8, B4
Finish/Go over Sheet Ch 4
Section 1
Hand out Ch 4 Section 2
Sheet—students do this sheet
Notes
1. The World’s Ugly Duckling
1. As a new nation,
2. Relations with
1. There was no trade with
1. The only British "trade" came via American smugglers who
were up to their old ways.
2. The British were up to trickery along the American frontier.
1. The British connived with disgruntled Ethan Allen and brothers to possibly
get
2. Though they were supposed to leave, the British retained several trade
posts along the American frontier. They said this was to reclaim losses to Loyalists,
but…
3. More likely, the posts were to be bases to stir up Indian discontent
against the Americans.
3. There were issues with
1. The Spanish closed off the mouth of the
2. The Spanish laid claim to parts of
3. The Spanish also stirred up the Indians against the Americans.
4. There were issues with
1. The French were not as friendly now that
5. There were issues in
1. North African pirates, notably the Dey of Algiers, robbed American ships. The British had paid
tribute (or "bully money") and
2. A Convention of “Demigods”
1. A meeting was called in
1. They wished to mainly address the issues of money, especially commerce.
2. 9 states were invited but only 5 states arrived which was not a quorum
(enough to hold a meeting). They did agree to meet again.
2. The next meeting became known as the "Constitutional Convention" when the
1. 55 delegates met in
2. Their goal as laid out by Congress was "the sole and express purpose
of revising" the Articles, not to pitch it out and start over
(which is what they wound up doing).
3. Attendance (and non-attendance) at the meeting was of such high quality
1. Demigods—George Washington (chairman), Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton,
James Madison.
2. Revolutionaries overseas and absent from the meeting—Thomas Jefferson (in
3. Patriots who were absent—John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry. These
men, especially Adams and Henry, were independent-minded and didn't like the
idea of strengthening the government. Their specialty was tearing down
governments, not building them up.
3. Patriots in
1. The men attending the Constitutional Convention were generally young,
aristocratic, and well-educated.
2. These delegates recognized issues were at hand: the inability to maintain
order, "runaway democracy" in various states, and pressure/threats
from foreign nations.
3. Essentially, the problem was that the states had too much freedom or
independence; the solution was to strengthen the federal government.
4. Hammering Out a Bundle of Compromises
1. Despite their plans for revision only, the Convention delegates tossed out
the Articles and began writing an entirely new Constitution.
2. The most heated conflict was over the question, "How will
representation in Congress be decided?"
1. The "Virginia Plan"
(AKA "Large States Plan") proposed that representation would be
based on a state's population. They reasoned that the more people a state
has, the more representatives they should have in Congress.
2. The "New Jersey Plan"
(AKA "Small States Plan") objected to Virginia saying that if
Congress went solely by population, then the small states' votes wouldn't
matter since they'd simply be always out-voted. They reasoned that states are
equal to one another, regardless of the quantity of people living in them, and
therefore states should have an equal vote in Congress.
3. After much debate and a standstill, the "Great Compromise" was offered.
It said that…
1. Congress would be bicameral (have 2 houses).
2. The House of Representatives would be based on state population, following
the Virginia Plan.
1. Bills pertaining to taxation would begin in the House.
3. The Senate would have 2 senators from each state making them equal,
following the New Jersey Plan.
1. The Senate would approve/reject presidential treaties and appointments.
4. They agreed to have an executive branch (a president). The president would
be commander-in-chief of the military, could veto legislation. But, the
president (and the other branches) would be held in check through a system of
checks-and-balances on power.
5. The president would be elected by an Electoral
College (a group of official presidential voters) rather than
by the people. The people were viewed as being too ignorant to elect a
president. To be fair, at that time people were less educated and news traveled
slowly and without reliability so a voter likely might be ill-informed.
6. The Three-Fifths Compromise
answered the question, "How will slaves be counted when determining a
state's population?"
1. Southern states wanted slaves counted (to gain more votes in Congress) and
Northern states did not want to count slaves (to retain more votes in
Congress). The compromise agreed to count 3/5 of the slaves as part of the
state's population.
7. The delegates agreed to allow states to halt slave importation after 1807.
This measure showed signs of the early anti-slavery movement. But, it was
something of a hollow measure—by this time, slavery had become self-sufficient
and slave importation wasn't really needed anyway.
5. Safeguards for Conservatism
1. The delegates all agreed that a system of checks-and-balances was needed to
prevent any one branch from hording too much power. Conservatives also wanted
safeguards from the "mobocracy" or mob
rule. They put into place such things as…
1. Federal chief justices were appointed for life, thus creating stability
that conservatives liked.
2. The electoral college created a buffer between the people and the
presidency.
3. Senators were elected by state legislators who were supposedly educated, not
by the common people.
4. Thus, after the American Revolution, the voters actually only voted for 1/2
of 1/3 of the government (only for representatives in the House).
2. Still, at the base level, power wrested with the people.
3. By the end of the Constitutional Convention in September of 1887, 42 of the
55 delegates signed it. The others had left in protest or would not sign it.
6. The Clash of Federalists and Anti-federalists
1. Once written, the Founding Fathers faced an even tougher task—to get the
Constitution ratified by the states. They knew that some states would reject
it. They knew that most state legislatures would reject it. So…
1. The Constitution was sent out to the state conventions where it
would be evaluated and voted upon.
2. At first, there was surprise because a brand new constitution had been
written. The people expected a fixed up Articles of Confederation; that was the
purpose of the meeting (the convention had been held in strict secrecy).
2. Two camps emerged in the ratification debate, Federalists and
Anti-Federalists.
1. The Federalists wanted
the Constitution ratified.
1. They wanted a stronger central government to establish and maintain
order.
2. They generally came from the more well-to-do classes, were often former
Loyalists, were often property owners, typically lived in the older or coastal
areas, and were often Episcopalians.
2. The Anti-Federalists
did not want the Constitution ratified.
1. They believed it gave too much power to the national government. After all,
wasn't that what the American Revolution had been fought over?
2. They were generally from the less-educated classes, were usually farmers,
were believers in states' rights, and normally lived in the frontier areas.
They were often Baptists or Methodists.
3. At their root, the Anti-Federalists felt that the Constitution had been
written by and for the aristocratic folks and that it threatened people's
independence and freedoms.
1. Their complaints along these lines were (a) a lack of a bill of rights, (b)
the riddance of annual elections, and (c) the formation of a standing army. All
of these things could be used against the people.
7. The Great Debate in the States
1. The conventions in each state needed delegates. Elections were held.
2. Four states ratified the Constitution quickly.
3.
1.
2.
4. After three more states ratified it, it became active in June of 1788.
5. The final hold-outs were
8. The Four Laggard States
1. Four states had reservations about adopting the Constitution and held out.
But they eventually did ratify it mainly because after 9 states adopted it the
Constitution took affect. What would the 4 laggards do, become their own
countries? It wasn't practical.
2.
3.
4. Finally,
9. A Conservative Triumph
1. Like winning the American Revolution where a few patriots had pulled off
independence, ratifying the Constitution was a minority victory. This time, the
minority was the conservatives.
1. The patriots were a much more liberal, perhaps radical group. It was now
time for the conservatives to pull the pendulum back toward the center.
2. To ratify the Constitution, an estimated 1/4 of the adult white male
population had voted for convention delegates. Most of those voters were
landowners.
3. The conservatives obtained certain measures that eased their minds…
1. First, a stronger government that could deal with the "mobocracy" such as Shays' Rebellion.
2. Secondly, the elite or aristocracy had built in certain safeguards to their
rule such as the electoral college, permanence of judges, and indirect
elections of senators. All of these things meant stability—the number 1
thing on their mind.
Three Big Compromises—before
convention broke up:
How many Representatives per State?
Should we even keep slavery around? How should Slaves be counted?
Should we have an executive (President…what would that look
like?)
Over arching concern was how much
power to give to the Central government
Iron these things out in 3
months…39 of 55 sign the Constitution
o
First major
political contest over whether or not the Constitution should be adopted.
o
When 9/13 states
approve this Constitution it becomes the law of the land
o
Totally illegal!
o
Articles said
13/13 needed to change the Articles
o
That is the first
complaint made by the Anti-Federalists…folks against the
Constitution.
o
Central
government is getting too much
power…and the state governments are losing power.
o
No Bill of
Rights!
o
Federalists…folks for the Constitution argued that a strong, energetic government was needed in
order to secure individual
rights and freedom
o
How can strong
government secure rights and freedom?
o
Strong government
is meant to control people…
o
Americans do not
want to be controlled!
o
By a king or
anyone else.
o
Founders set up a
system of Checks and Balances and Separation of Powers
o
Government
should: Pay bills/protect people
It is easy to tear down a government…not
hard to have a revolution…the difficulty comes when you win in
your revolution and now the winners have to govern.
o
George Washington
was for the constitution
o
It was assumed
that
The main complaint made by
the Anti Federalists is that the
Constitution contained no Bill of Rights…every state Constitution
started with a Bill of Rights
JUSH
Feb. 8, A1 A3
Feb. 9, B4
Opener: Use any book to find the answer and
explanation for this question:
Power point #10 on the New
Nation/Constitutional Convention
Watch and take notes until
slide 21
George Washington Movie Forging a Nation—Questions
Why does Patrick Henry not
like the new Constitution?
Who are
How do they act towards each
other?
What is speculation? Why are speculators good?…why are they bad?
Why does
How does
What is assumption and why is
it good for some states and bad for others?
More notes:
Tyrant—absolute ruler(s)
unrestrained by law or constitution.
Main goal of our Constitution
is to prevent tyranny.
King George III—tyrant
Easiest to become a tyrant
when you are a King…Absolutism
Absolutism/tyranny is no good
Constitutional Convention set
up a system where no one could get absolute power.
Checks and Balances and
Separation of Powers
Ultimately in our
Constitutional system—the people are in charge.
What if the people become
tyrants?
Majority rules is the rule
What if the majority becomes tyrannical?
Tried to create a system that prevents or makes it
very difficult for tyranny to exist and survive
It had never been tried
before…no one knew how it would work.
What is a President?
How do you deal with other countries?
Should the President have advisors?
How do the three different branches of government work with
each other?
Rules or decisions that
become guides for future rules or decisions—precedent
George Washington—said “so
help me God” at end of oath of office
Federalists (people who wanted
the Constitution ratified) become the first political party.
George Washington—wanted the Constitution
It was assumed he would be the first
President
People trusted that he would not be a
tyrant
Presidency had the potential
to be more powerful than a King!
Why? He had
the affirmation of the entire country behind him.
Philip Freneu-1st critic
of a President in journalism…test of free press
The government has no right to control
what is written or said about the President or any government
official.
Mind
Map of Federalism & First Party System
JUSH
Feb. 13, A1 A3
Feb. 14, B4
Opener:
Read about the Constitutional
Convention in Schweikert, pages 110-116.
1. What was the sole and express purpose of the
meeting in
2. Which state did not send delegates?
3. How many people (men) attended the
convention?
4. Nearly all men were _______________________.
5. Why didn’t Patrick Henry attend?
6. What was their average age?
7. Which two men had the “highest reputation?”
8. What class were they from?
9. What did Charles Beard and Howard Zinn think
of the founders?
10. What did Paul Johnson think of the founders?
11. What was the final source of contention at
the convention?
12. What occupation did
13. Define interest as defined by Madison,
Hamilton and Washington.
14. What eventually was going to be the
occupation of the government officials?
15. What was the Virginia Plan…how about
16. What was the “Connecticut Compromise?”
17. What did De Tocqueville think of “long
interval elections”?
18. What was the founder’s solution to this?
19. Which states could block any law dealing with
slavery?
20. What did the Northwest Ordinance say about
slavery?
21. James Wilson’s compromise measure concerning
slaves consisted of….
22. Did the Southern states gain an advantage
because of this plan?
23. What three years gave the people in
24. Name three examples where slavery was
tinkered with in the colonies.
25. What were Jefferson, Madison,
26. What was Gouverneur
Morris’ argument against the 3/5’s plan?
27. What threat was slavery to “comity”? What is comity?
28. What would have happened in 1776-1789 if the
slavery issue was pushed? (According to
Schweikert)
29. What three things were the framers highly focused
on?
30. What did
JUSH
Feb. 15, A1 (Keytrain) A3
Feb. 16, B4
Answer the Questions
above…together
Watch John Adams Episode 5—Unite or Die—John
Adams as George Washington’s Vice President—what to call George and visit to
Senate for Advise and Consent
Launching the New Ship of State
10
Launching the New Ship of State Workbook
Day 16
JUSH
Feb. 17, A1 A3
Objectives: Launching the New Ship of State
Declaration=Apple of Gold
Constitution=Frame of
Silver
Abe Lincoln
Absentees should watch
PowerPoint on George Washington and take 2 pgs of notes.
Documents:
Constitution of
the United States of America
Amendments to the
Constitution of the United States of America
Index to the
Constitution and Amendments
Letter to Henry Lee
from Thomas Jefferson, May 8, 1825
Letter to
Roger Weightman from Thomas Jefferson, June 24,
1826
Gettysburg
Address, Abraham Lincoln, November 19, 1863
Second
Inaugural Address, Abraham Lincoln, March 4, 1865
Fragment on the
Constitution and Union, Abraham Lincoln, c. January, 1861
Suggested Readings and Other Letters,
Speeches
My Class Notes: Launching the New Ship of State
Chapter
about the start of
·
Plea—asks for—no
political strife—no permanent political parties
·
Washington and Madison (who called political
parties factions) created them
·
Alexander Hamilton
and Thomas Jefferson—their
disagreements over domestic (home) and foreign (international) issues forced
the formation of the first political parties
·
·
He wanted
divisions to balance political power
·
If we are interested in different things…if we stand for or find different issues
important we can come to government to find compromise and work through our differences without violence and/or
an authoritative figure telling us what to do
In his Farewell Address
- Extols the benefits of the federal government. "The unity of government...is a main pillar
in the edifice of your real independence...of your tranquility at home,
your peace abroad; of your safety; of your prosperity; of that very
liberty which you so highly prize."
- Warns against the party system. "It serves to distract the Public Councils,
and enfeeble the Public Administration....agitates the Community with
ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of
one....against another....it opens the door to foreign influence and
corruption...thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to
the policy and will of another."
- Stresses the importance of religion and morality. "Where is the security for property, for
reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the
oaths, which are the instruments of investigation in Courts of
Justice?"
- On stable public credit. "...cherish public credit. One method of
preserving it is to use it as sparingly as possible...avoiding likewise
the accumulation of debt....it is essential that you...bear in mind, that
towards the payments of debts there must be Revenue, that to have Revenue
there must be taxes; that no taxes can be devised, which are
not...inconvenient and unpleasant..."
- Warns against permanent foreign alliances. "It is our true policy to steer clear of
permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world..."
On an over-powerful
military establishment.
"...avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments, which,
under any form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be
regarded as particularly hostile to Republican Liberty."
Day 17
JUSH
Feb. 22 A1 A3
Feb. 23 B4
Opener:
Schweikert Pgs. 127-134
Create Questions (One Per Paragraph)
10
- Launching the New Ship of State
Smart Notes
JUSH
Feb 24 A1, A3
Feb 27 B4
Finish 10
- Launching the New Ship of State
Opener/Review:
Do
Territorial Expansion Worksheet 5.1, pg. 130 of American Odyssey
Challenges in Early
How
should our government work?
Washington
and Adams answer this question
Peaceful
transfer of power when we have a new President
President
is going to have advisors (Cabinet)
Read
the Constitution and figure out how it is going to work
Precedents--actions
that become guides for future actions
Dealing
with other countries
What
should we do with/to other countries?
Indians...Natives
Foreign
affairs---mind your own business! GW and
JA
People
messing with US
Biggest
threat was in
Thomas
Jefferson--very different man
Every
man/woman should have access to education
·
Fear of French Revolution—violence,
beheadings…destruction of state controls and religious structures
·
When
·
It does not…we
have peaceful transfer of
power.
·
In
·
When
·
He assured people
that American principles and institutions would be the backbone of our
government.
·
Fight over the
direction of our country was then between President Thomas Jefferson and Supreme Court Chief
Justice John Marshall.
·
What does the
Constitution mean…what does it not mean.
Interpretation and
implementation of the Constitution.
·
Federalists like
·
Jefferson was a “strict
constructionist” before he was President…that meant he thought the
government could do no more than what the Constitution said it could do…if the
Constitution did not say it…the government could not do it.
·
We need the
·
Problem arises
when France (Napoleon)
offers us all of the “Louisiana
Purchase”…Jefferson sent a guy named Livingston to France to buy New Orleans for no
more than $10 million. When he (Livingston) got to
Napoleon
(Dynamite) Bonaparte
·
Constitution does
not say the president can double the size of the country.
·
Napoleon decided
to sell
o
Because of a
slave revolt in
o
Because he was
giving up on an “American Empire”
o
Because he
(Napoleon) slipped in the tub and splashed his brother who thought it a mistake
that he was going to sell
·
Ends up being the
biggest land deal in the history of America…more than doubles the size of the
United States…4 cents an acre…but we did not know what we had purchased (530
million acres of land) for $28 million …no idea.
·
Mystery of what
was out there was going to solved by Lewis and Clark…
·
They are the
first “astronauts”…they
are going to run into the folks that are going to be the next American
challenge…Indians…natives…the folks who have been on these lands for thousands
of years.
·
·
Remember he
believed the farmers were God’s
chosen people.
·
If he could fill
the Louisiana Purchase land with new farmers his vision of
·
We know the
Indians eventually get cheated out of their lands and we now live on their
lands.
·
One of the
saddest chapters in American history.
George Washington’s First
Inaugural Address
George Washington’s Farewell
Address
Worksheets:
(11) The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian
Democracy
Here are some links to
- Thomas Jefferson on Education
- Jefferson's Reaction to the Missouri
Compromise of 1820
- Jefferson's First Inaugural Address
- Jefferson on States' Rights
- Jefferson on the National Bank
- A Bill for Establishing Religious
Freedom in Virginia
A collection of Jefferson Quotations at the
University of Virginia
Selected
Works of Thomas Jefferson at the Constitution
Organization.
Day 19
JUSH
Feb 28 A1 A3
Feb 29 B4 Keytrain
Importance of folks like the Mormons (If absent take 1 ½
pages of notes on this site)
Louisiana Purchase—doubled
the size of the
Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark
·
Start at
·
Thomas
Jefferson—spend the money to buy
·
·
Strict
Construction Vs. Loose Construction
·
Inaugural
address—Americans, “possessing a chosen country, with room enough for our
descendants to the thousandth and thousandth generation.” Very much an exaggeration.
·
·
People at this
time thought it would take “generations” to settle the land out to the
·
Some folks had a
vision of the
·
This idea of a
coast to coast America…along with the knowledge that we had to control the west
instead of France—made Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase a necessity
·
Jefferson decided
to explore
·
He was curious—he
wanted to know who or what was out there
·
He also wanted to
know what he bought
·
Choose Meriwether
Lewis—Army Captain, lots of frontier experience, interested in nature, MI
·
William
Clark—former lieutenant in the Army, fascinated by nature, recommissioned in
the Army
·
They form the
“Corps of Discovery”…mission
o
Tell the Natives
(Indians) what to expect
o
Establish
friendly relations with them
o
Record the
Indians’ language and habits
o
Make
topographical studies
o
Record new plants
and animals
o
Try to find a
good (water) way through the continent to the
·
40 to 50 men
·
Travel up the
Missouri River…into Mandan Indian territory into what is now
·
Winter
there…continue to the
·
We have lots of
knowledge about this adventure because these guys journaled
everything
The Triumphs and Travails of the
Federalist
and Republican mudslingers
(try to ruin the reputation of a person…famous or otherwise)
Thomas
Jefferson became the victim of one of
The
Federalists accused him of having an affair with one of his slaves—Sally Hemmings.
Sally Hemmings
(Artist’s Rendition)
The
Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"
Thomas
Jefferson beat John Adams (incumbent—sitting office holder) to win the election of
1800 by a majority of 73 to 65
electoral votes.
Watch Burn’s Lewis and Clark-to arrival at
the
Journals: http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/archive/idx_jou.html
http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres16.html
Probably the
“coolest” president ever---was the smartest—many different “professions”…writer…
scientist…architect…philosopher…political scientist…politician…JF Kennedy was having
all American Nobel laureates over to the Whitehouse for dinner…”this is
greatest collection of minds ever in the Whitehouse with the possible exception
of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone.”
Jeffersonian
Restraint…held
himself back from making a bunch of changes
Jefferson
quickly pardoned
the prisoners of the Sedition Acts—a bunch
of laws that made it illegal to say anything bad about the government of the
The
Naturalization Law of
1802 reduced the requirement of 14 years of residence to the previous 5 years.
Jefferson
also changed the economic system of
Did away with the excise
tax.
Albert Gallatin- Secretary of
Treasury to
Opinion: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/marbury.html
Samuel
Chase- supreme court justice of whom the
Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John
Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not
removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.
The
Territory is going to be a problem
·
Indians—maybe
they won’t want to move
·
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (The Prophet)—stand in the
Tecumseh
and the Prophet
Twelfth
Congress- met in 1811; the "war
hawks" wanted to go to war with the British and wanted to eliminate the
Indian threats to pioneers.
Tecumseh-
Tenskwatawa- "the Prophet";
·
How are slaves
going to fit in to this new area?
o
Do we allow
slavery in these new areas or do we not?
o
This is going to
end up contributing to the Civil War.
The L.P. and the land we got from the war with
Napoleon Bonaparte convinced the king of
Not
wanting to fight Napoleon and
Napoleon
decided to sell all of
He failed in his efforts to re-conquer the
Because
Robert
Livingston- along with James Monroe,
negotiated in
The
Americans had signed 3 treaties and gotten much land to the west of the
Jefferson sent his personal
secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark to explore the
northern part of the
The
Aaron Burr Conspiracies
Aaron
Burr- Jefferson's first-term vice
president; after being dropped from Jefferson's cabinet, he joined a group of
extremist Federalists who plotted the secession of New England and
Burr
challenged
General James Wilkinson- the corrupt military governor of Louisiana
Territory; made an allegiance with Burr to separate the western part of the United States from the
East and expand their new confederacy with invasions of
Spanish-controlled Mexico and Florida; betrayed Burr when he learned that
Jefferson knew of the plot; Burr was acquitted of the charges of treason by
James Madison and he fled to Europe.
They
closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping.
The
French ordered the seizure of all merchant ships that entered
British ports.
The Hated Embargo—refuse to trade with another country or countries—always hurts the embargoer more than the embargoee
Indian
Hostilities
Indian
Hostilities,
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/2311/2367474/09_india.HTM
James
Madison became president on March
4, 1809.
Congress issued
It
reopened American trade with the entire world.
Napoleon convinced James Madison to give
William
Henry Harrison- governor of the
Mr.
Madison's War
On
June 1, 1812,
The
Democratic-Republicans who supported the war ("war hawks")
felt that the country had to assert American rights to the world.
They
wanted to invade
The
Federalists were opposed because they supported
Thomas Jefferson’s biggest
thing—
Controversial—something that
could start and argument—lots of clashing opinions.
1. What is all that
land going to be good for?
2. You had
permission to spent $10 million now you spend 15 million?
3. The bargain makes
us think it might just be a desert.
4. How are we going
to travel out there to see what we got!
5. How are we
suppose to govern such a big area?
6. When we get way
out there we will run into, Indians, Spaniards, Russians, Mexican and British folk that don’t
like us.
7. Where does
Jefferson buys
We have beliefs—what happens
when those beliefs conflict with what is best or right in a situation.
The
Napoleon Bonaparte convinced the king of
Not wanting to fight Napoleon
and
Robert Livingston in
Napoleon decided to sell all
of
·
He failed in his
efforts to re-conquer the
·
Because
Robert Livingston- along with James Monroe, negotiated in
Jefferson sent his personal
secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark to explore the
northern part of the
Opener:
ID or Explain one event in
each President’s term:
American Odyssey
Territorial Expansion
1. Why did Lewis and Clark set out to explore the
territory west of the
2. What did Daniel Boone do to build the
3. How many folks traveled the
4. What ended Napoleon’s hopes for an American Empire?
5. What were three instructions given to Lewis and Clark?
6. Give three descriptions of a Conestoga Wagon…
7. List three threats faced by frontier farmers.
8. What law insisted on respect for Native American land
claims?
9. What three things did Tecumseh and his brother the
Prophet want Indians to do?
10. What did the Cherokees do in 1827 in order to protect
their interests?
Day 20
JUSH
Mar. 1 A1 A3
Mar. 2 B4
Opener:
Schweikert pg. 146 and
147…copy the three column, eight row table comparing 18th
Century Republicans and Federalists…discuss the vocabulary in the chart.
Day 21
JUSH
Mar. 5 A1 A3
Mar. 6 B4
Opener:
American Odyssey Chapter 5 Section 2 (Pg. 140) work sheet
Last time we talked about the
Whose land was the
What problem was exacerbated
by the acquisition of new lands?
Challenge
the sectional balance
Sectionalism—the
idea that your section of the country is more important than the whole country.
Nationalism—the whole country
is more important.
11-11
Slave Free--1820
Manifest Destiny--
Why?
Mid 1800's this comes to a conflict—why then?
1607
1619 Three things
o Slaves
o Women
o Representative Government (House of Burgesses)
Add 262 (1861) years and we have a Civil War over
Slavery!
The Pursuit of Happiness=the Right to enjoy the fruit of
ones labor
1789 GW sworn in…
1820 31
years old.
The
It is saved by the Missouri
Compromise.
This question ends in secession (states think they can leave the
Why
now?
Why
does slavery become such a heated topic 240 years after it started in 1619,
People
thought they could “perfect” the human experience.
In the
early 1830’s people started experimenting with different ways to live…UTOPIA—Perfect community
They
tried “communes”
where everyone shares in
the work and shares in the fruits of the work.
“Utopian societies” were attempted to be created.
There
was plenty of room
in
Outside the reach of “government.”
Shakers
were one group who tried this…
Property sharing
Vegetarianism
Sexual abstinence (their numbers would only
grow through adoption and conversion)
Believed private property was sinful
Sex was an “animal passion of the lower
orders”
Participated in wild religious dances
(Shaking) (Quaking)
Spoke to God in “tongues”—unknown language
of the Holy Spirit
They
thrived in
They were so bad at farming that they did
not last a year
What
these movements did was make it acceptable to question traditional ways of doing things and
living. Especially
something like SLAVERY.
These
folks questioned
everything.
They
rejected all social arrangements, traditions and church doctrines.
Even
the traditional family was questioned as an abuse of power.
Marriage
was a form of oppression…even slavery.
The
idea of one person having power over another is totally unacceptable…this is
going to fuel a movement that causes the Civil War---abolitionism.
Before
they worry about blacks being free…they focus on women.
As women get more and more legal, property rights…in
divorce cases, child custody, which women first get in 1842.
Women
get economic rights…rights to work in factories…right to be educated…it was
during this time that the first all female college opened Oberlin.
Oberlin
becomes a “radically abolitionist” institution…arguing
against the morality of slavery.
Abolitionism-the radical
belief in the immediate prohibition of slavery.
Abolitionists
were different from people who opposed slavery.
Abolitionists
wanted to free all the slaves,
immediately, without
compensation to the owners of the slaves.
Most
people simply did not like slavery and did not want it to spread.
Had
no real answer for slaves in the south…what to do with them…who would do the
work in the south…
Should
the people who owned them be paid for their property?
Some
thought all slaves should be freed and provided transportation back to
After
the Revolutionary war the American Colonization Society was formed for this
purpose.
Since
this had not been done…more radical abolitionists arose and were vocal…
William
Lloyd Garrison…Jan. 1, 1831 published the Liberator
which demanded immediate freedom for slaves.
The
most prominent and effective speakers against slavery were former slaves…
Frederick
Douglas, Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman went around speaking about the
horrors of slavery.
He
escaped and headed north from
Mom taught him to read (against the law).
His
story served as an inspiration to folks who did not think blacks were human…
Our
country becomes fixated on one issue…slavery.
It
is an issue that can not be compromised on you can not have “a little”
slavery.
You
can not be “a little dead”.
It
is something that politicians can not solve by being politicians.
Only issue that we can relate to…abortion.
Those
issues that are unable to be solved by compromise…end up being the most
emotional and divisive issues we face.
In
the case of slavery…it leads to the Civil War.
Only can be decided by war which kills 600,000 young
men North and South.
This
time 1820-1850 slave holders start to develop an attitude about slavery
different from that held up to this time.
·
Up to 1820/1830
slavery is seen a “peculiar institution”…people are not “proud” of slavery
·
In and around
this time…slave holders start to “defend” slavery as something…a positive good and essential to their
rights
Founders
who owned slaves did so knowing it was probably wrong…did it anyway to make
money…economic reasons.
When
it comes to the question of the spread of slavery some folks are going to defend
it as something good…that needs to be expanded.
Summary:
Slavery and the
Sectional Balance
The House of Representatives slowed the plans of the
Missourians of becoming a state by passing the Tallmadge Amendment.
It (the
The amendment was later defeated by the slave states in Congress.
The Uneasy
Henry Clay introduced
the compromise that decided whether or not
Congress decided to admit
But,
Therefore, there were 12 slave states and 12
The Missouri Compromise by Congress forbade
slavery in the remaining territories in the
History of
slavery in
·
1619—First
slaves come to
242 Years! Slavery exists and prospers!
·
1861—Civil
War begins over slavery/states rights
Sectionalism—land causes a great amount
of controversy (trouble).
Slavery is a troubling thing throughout American history—in
1787 at the Constitutional Convention—one of the first things Ben Franklin
proposed…get rid of slavery…Philadelphia was a strong anti-slavery city.
Southern states tell him to shut-up!
The Panic of
1819 (depression) worsened tension between the sections, and growing sectionalism repeatedly influenced the
politics of the 1820s.
The most sharply divisive event was the
Many of
But New York Congressman James Tallmadge’s amendment
to the admission bill called for the gradual
abolition of slavery in the proposed new state.
This was the first
attempt to restrict the expansion of slavery since the Northwest Ordinance of
1787.
The
The debate
generated by the Tallmadge Amendment did
not deal with the morality of slavery or the rights of blacks; what was at
stake was political influence.
Neither was it about he existence of slavery in the Southern
states, but rather about it being further extended.
At the time there were 11 slave states and 11
Still, the
Ironically, the North’s
more rapid growth was partially
attributable to slavery, since immigrants
did not want to go where they would have to compete with slave labor.
The moral issue
of slavery was not yet a serious question for open debate—that would come
with the advent of the abolitionist
movement about a decade later (1830’s).
Nevertheless, the
Henry Clay, of
The
Southerners
accepted the terms since they
believed the banned territory was environmentally
hostile to slavery anyway, thinking it was part of the “great American desert.”
Clay also worked out a second compromise when the
The Missouri Crisis warned of the potential
divisiveness of the slavery issue.
Reaction to the Compromise was mixed: it was seen as a
temporary solution at best; strong
feelings about the slavery would continue to smolder.
To Thomas Jefferson, the issue sounded like a “fire bell in the night”; he had
previously written, as inscribed on the walls of the Jefferson Memorial:
“God who gave us life gave
us liberty. Can the liberties of a nation be secure when we have removed a
conviction that these liberties are the gift of God? Indeed I tremble for my
country when I reflect that God is just, that his justice cannot sleep forever.
Commerce between master and slave is despotism. Nothing is more certainly
written in the book of fate than that these people are to be free.”
The final compromise was accepted, but really
accomplished by smoke and mirrors—it said that, in effect, “this constitution (
It would be much harder next time.
Day 22
JUSH
Mar. 7 A1 A3 Keytrain
Mar. 8 B4
OPENER:
Start Reading (Schweikert) pg. 195
The Fire
1.
Make a list of
all slave states and all
2.
What was the
Tallmadge Amendment?
3.
What did the
South want in the newly acquired
4.
What did the
Constitution say about slavery in the territories?
5.
What did the
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 say about it?
6.
Who came up with
the Missouri Compromise and where was he from?
7.
Explain the Missouri Compromise of _______
(year)
8.
What did the
South have to hold on to in order to be sure slavery would survive?
Skip to pg. 251 (Schweikert) and read:
An Arsenic Empire
1.
What is arsenic?
2.
What did our nation look like territorially
in 1850?
3.
How did our nation compare to other great
nations at this time?
4.
List four ways we dealt with the slavery
question up to this time.
5. Why did Emerson warn that the acquisition
of
Look up the
following…Schweikert/Johnson (Why were they historically significant?)
(6 lines space)
(2 lines space for
each)
Virginia
Resolution—Author/Contains
Compromise of 1820--Missouri
Compromise—4 bullet points
Corrupt Bargain--Election of 1824--
Nullification Crisis (Tariff
of Abominations)
Trail of Tears—Cherokee
Removal—Andrew Jackson
Lecture Point 10: "Good Feelings" and Jacksonian
Democracy (1815-1840)
JUSH
March 3, 2011
Look up the following…(Why
were they historically significant?)
Central
Question: What is suppose
to happen when the national (Federal) government makes a law that the States or
People do not think is proper or Constitutional?
Written by Thomas Jefferson
(Declaration of Independence) and James Madison (Constitution)...Alien and Sedition Acts
(laws) were "unconstitutional" against the Constitution. Nullification--if a law is deemed to be UNCONSTITUTIONAL it
can be declared by a state to be null and void.
Compromise of 1820--
Maine admitted as a free state, Missouri admitted as a slave state, land
south of 36 30 line in Louisiana Purchase would be open to slavery, all land north
of that except for Missouri would be free.
Solemn (serious and respected) decision that folks thought solved the
problem for ever...problem is...what is going to happen in the west with
regards to slavery?
Proposed by James Monroe...wanted to
establish power and influence in the Western Hemisphere by making it
"Doctrine" that European interests had to keep out of America (north
or South) because we said so! We had no
power to enforce this...this was announced in _______ so we were only ____
years old...European countries around for hundreds of years...would they
obey?
Corrupt Bargain--Election of 1824--
Nullification Crisis (Tariff of
Abominations)--
Tariff of 1833—very high tariff that
southern states do not want to pay.
Tariff—tax on imports…raises the price of
imported goods.
Used to raise money and protect American
Industry
Trail of Tears--Cherokee Removal--Andrew
Jackson--
March 4
150th anniversary
of
Site: Jefferson
Letters
Read in Schweikert pgs.
221-228
Write down people, places,
laws, religions, and things.
From a New Nation to
a Divided Nation
1.
49ers 2.
Amendment 3.
Articles of Confederation 4.
Bill of Rights 5.
British Impressment 6.
Daniel Boone 7.
Eli Whitney People (men) who moved to Alteration or change to the Constitution 10 amendments to the Constitution that made the
anti-federalists accept it and guaranteed people’s freedoms British navy forced American naval men to serve on
British ships…British kidnapping of American men Blazed trail through the Invented the cotton gin…revolutionized cotton
planting…gave slavery a new profitability
From a New Nation to
a Divided Nation
49ers Amendment Articles of Confederation Bill of Rights British Impressment Daniel Boone Eli Whitney Men who went to Written change or addition to the
Constitution__________________________ The first government in Amendments added to Constitution in 1791 to appease
Anti-Federalists _____________________ British Navy kidnapping American sailors and force them
to serve on British Ships__________________ Built the Introduced the Cotton Gin…made processing cotton much
easier…more profitable__________________
Day 23
JUSH
Mar 9 A1 A3
Mar 12 B4
Discuss Missouri Compromise and Fire Bell in the Night
message by Thomas Jefferson
The Fire
Extension
of Slavery is
"like a fire bell in the night"
In this letter Jefferson voiced the fears of many
Americans that conflicting views of states' rights, slavery, westward
expansion, and the powers of the federal government had brought the
THOMAS JEFFERSON on
I thank you, dear sir,
for the copy you have been so kind as to send me of the letter to your
constituents on the
The cession of that kind
of property, for;' so it is misnamed, is a bagatelle which would not cost me a
second thought, if, in that way, a general emancipation and expatriation could
be effected; and gradually, and with due sacrifices, I think it might be. But
as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely
let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other. Of one
thing I am certain, that as the passage of slaves from one state to another
would not make a slave of a single human being who would not be so without it,
so their diffusion over a greater surface would make them individually happier,
and proportionally facilitate the accomplishment of their emancipation, by
dividing the burden on a greater number of coadjutors. An
abstinence too, from this act of power, would remove the jealousy
excited by the undertaking of Congress to regulate the condition of the
different descriptions of men composing a state. This certainly is the
exclusive right of every state, which nothing in the Constitution has taken
from them and given to the general government. Could Congress, for example, say
that the non-freemen of
I regret that I am now
to die in the belief that the useless sacrifice of themselves by the generation
of 1776, to acquire self-government and happiness to their country is to be
thrown away by the unwise and unworthy passions of their sons, and that my only
consolation is to be that I live not to weep over it. If they would but
dispassionately weigh the blessings they will throw away against an abstract
principle more likely to be effected by union than by
scission, they would pause before they would perpetrate this act of suicide on
themselves, and of treason against the hopes of the world. To yourself, as the faithful advocate of the
Watch 10 things that
unexpectedly changed America: Gold Rush
Lecture Point: Travel West and Old South
Discuss westward expansion—problems connected with
it…specifically how it led to the Civil War.
Can we bring all our property
to the west with us—YES!!!...what about slaves?
What
about the folks that are already there—they who have “first dibs” on the
land. Native Americans.
“Trail
of Tears”---18,000 Cherokee men, women and children forced to march from
Optional
AMERICAN ODYSSEY -- Cherokee Expulsion Case Study—pg. 139
Sovereignty—power
to make laws, enforce laws and interpret laws.
At first Natives are treated as foreign countries citizens—negotiated
with as if they were foreigners.
Georgia
Citizens (white) – follow the sovereignty of the
Creek
Indians—follow the sovereignty of their “CHIEF”
Cherokee
Indians—follow the sovereignty of their “CHIEF”
Samuel
Worcester—person who represents the problem—he is a missionary who goes to the
Cherokee land—in Georgia--as a guest to teach them about Christianity. If the Cherokees are sovereign in their own
land than they can determine who comes to them and who can’t.
Once
Georgia Indian land is found to be valuable—GOLD
IS FOUND—now the Indians got to go…1st thing you do—take away
their sovereignty.
Andrew
Jackson—hated Indians—referred to them as savages. Thought they had no rights that a white
person needed to respect. He was willing
to and did use force to rid areas of Indians.
Cherokee
Nation
Treaty party
National party
Quotes
President
Andrew Jackson 1831—Indians will have to either move out or obey
Georgia
Governor Wilson Lumpkin 1832—States must have power over ALL inhabitants of the
state, no matter what color or ethnicity they are. Can’t have the sovereign Cherokee nation in
Massachusetts
Senator Edward Everett 1830—Who ever heard of telling 10-15,000 families they
must move from their homes and relocate 1200 miles west of their ancestral
home. No story like this can be found in
history—until now!
Principal
Chief John Ross—Cherokee Constitution 1827—the land in
Dilemma:
Natives Vs. Whites concerning westward moving settlers. What is the relationship going to be? The relationship is that the Natives will be
moved off of land that white people want—until they are moved to land that
white people will never want—these areas are now called reservations.
Cherokee become nation in
Settlers desire Cherokee
land Worchester goes to
Cherokee land anyway is arrested Supreme Court rules that
Cherokee lands are sovereign President Jackson ignores
the Court and favors the expulsion of the Cherokee
Skip to pg. 256 and read:
Slavery Still
1.
What is puzzling to historians about American
economics in 1850, regarding slavery?
2.
What was the egregiously flawed logic in the
slavery argument?
3.
How much were the slaves in the
Skip to pg. 261 and read:
Defending the Indefensible
Skip to pg. 266 and read
Pg. 268
The Pendulum Swings North
The
Trail of Tears
The
Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians was founded in 1787 in
order to Christianize Indians.
The
five civilized tribes were the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws,
Chickasaws, and Seminoles.
President
Jackson wanted to move the Indians so the white men could expand.
In
1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act.
It
moved more than 100,000 Indians living east of the
The
five "civilized" tribes were hardest hit.
Black
Hawk, who led Sauk and Fox braves
from
The
Seminoles in Florida retreated to the Everglades, fighting for several
years until they retreated deeper into the
"Old
A
third party entered the election in the election of 1832: The Anti-Masonic
party.
The
party opposed the Masonic Order, which was perceived by some as people of
privilege and monopoly.
Although
It
gained support from evangelical Protestant groups.
The
Jacksonians were opposed to all government
meddling in social and economic life.
Andrew
Jackson was reelected in the election
of 1832.
The
Election of 1836
Martin
Van Buren was Andrew Jackson's choice
as his successor in the election of 1836.
General
William Henry Harrison was one of the
Whig's many presidential nominees.
The
Whigs did not win because they did not united behind just one candidate.
Depression
Doldrums and the Independent Treasury
The
basic cause of the panic of 1837 was the rampant speculation
prompted by a get-rich scheme.
Gamblers
in western lands were doing a "land-office business" on borrowed
capital.
The
speculative craze spread to canals, roads, railroads, and slaves. Jacksonian finance also helped to cause the panic.
In
1836, the failure of two British banks caused the British investors to
call in foreign loans.
These
loans were the beginnings of the panic.
The
panic of 1837 caused many banks to collapse, commodity prices to drop, sales of
public to fall, and the loss of jobs.
Van
Buren proposed the Divorce Bill.
Not
passed by Congress, it called for the dividing of the government and banking
altogether.
The
Independent Treasury Bill was passed in 1840.
An
independent treasury would be established and government funds would be locked
in vaults.
Gone
to
The
Texans had many differences with the Mexicans.
Mexicans
were against slavery, while the Texans supported it.
Santa
Anna- president of
The
Lone Star Rebellion
Sam
Houston- commander in chief for
General
Houston forced Santa Anna to sign a treaty in 1836 after
The
Texans wanted to become a state in the
Admitting
Log
Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840
William
Henry Harrison defeated Van Buren to
win the election of 1840 for the Whigs.
The
Whig's campaign included pictures of log cabins and cider.
Politics
for the People
There
were 2 major changes in politics after the Era of Good Feelings:
Politicians who were too clean, too
well dressed, too grammatical, and too intellectual were not liked. Aristocracy
was not liked by the American people.
The common man was moving to
the center of the national political stage.
The
Two-Party System
There was a formation of a two-party system.
The two parties consisted of the Democrats
and the Whigs (the National Republican Party had died out).
Jacksonian Democrats
glorified the liberty of the individual.
They supported states' rights and federal
restraint in social and economic affairs.
The Whigs supported the natural
harmony of society and the value of community.
They favored a renewed national bank,
protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms,
such as the prohibition of liquor and the abolition of slavery.
End 3rd Nine
weeks